13-09-2012, 06:05 PM
sir could you pls tell me the deatails of the ckt used means what ohm resister is used and capacitor capacity also because its not clear in the figure pls pls help me
13-09-2012, 06:05 PM
sir could you pls tell me the deatails of the ckt used means what ohm resister is used and capacitor capacity also because its not clear in the figure pls pls help me
14-11-2012, 12:45 PM
INTELLIGENT TRAIN ENGINE
train (1).doc (Size: 490.5 KB / Downloads: 320) INTRODUCTION: Whenever any engine observer a red signal on its track it will start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance from the signal pole. After then when it gets green signal the driver can maintain start the train and go on. In the mean time when train has not stopped yet and a red signal becomes green then it crosses the signal pole with low speed and then driver can slowly increase the speed. So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine itself observes it and automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. The driver can feel relax in driving because he doesn’t have to take care about red signals. Even if driver forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid accidents by the implementation of this idea. GENERAL DESCRIPTION: What we have to do is we have to attach a transmitter with signal pole which will start transmitting signals only when the red light is on. If there is green light no transmission. The engine has a receiver which catches these transmitted signals and takes desire actions. Both the transmitter and receiver are of RF type with minimum range of 2KM, so that train can get enough time to decrease its speed and stop before the signal pole with minimum swapping distance of 100-200 mt. DEMONSTRATION MODEL DISCRIPTION: The train engine runs on 24 V DC motor so that we can easily vary its speed by varying applied voltage. The switching voltage is applied in step of 18V, 12V, 15V and 9V (min speed). The 230V AC is step down to 24 V AC by 12-0-12,2Amperes step down transformer. As shown in figure this 24V AC line runs parallel with track at the top of the train. Movable tapping are taken from this line and fed to the internal circuit of engine. These tapping slides as the train run on the track and give continuous supply to circuit. The IR sensor is placed at the top of the engine, senses the signal transmitted by IR Transmitter attached to signal pole. Train track is straight and 20ft long. Signal pole is placed at the end of track and train starts from farther end. CONNECTION: Both ICs are connected in astable mode. The frequency of U2 is 0.5Hz and U1 is 38 KHz. This is decided by RC components connected with it. The output of U2 is connected with reset. Pin U4 of U1. Thus the output of U2 controls the operation of U1 means it will switch ON of OFF. The output of U1. The output of U1 is fed to two IR LEDs through Darlington pair made up of Q1, Q2, and R5. The 9V DC battery is connected with circuit through SPDT switch SW1 as shown. OPERATION: As shown in figure when SW1 is in position as shown the transmitter is ON and also the red LED is also ON. When switch changes its position the red LED and transmitter is OFF and only green LED will on. When the circuit is energized U2 will start generating high pulse at every 1 sec. as this pulse is fed to reset pin of U1 it will generate 38 KHz square wave and give it to IR Leds. IR Leds will generate IR beam of 38 KHz for the the same time. Thus after every one second the IR Beam of 38Khz is generated for one second only. This cycle repeats till the red light is on. ENCODER AND DECODER ENCODER: An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit(2n-n). DECODER: A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit(n-2n). |
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