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Abstract: In India, most of the commercial transport is being carried out by the railway network and therefore, any problems in
the same has the capacity to induce major damage to the economy-notwithstanding the societal impact of loss of life or limb.
This paper proposes a cost effective yet robust solution to the problem of railway crack detection utilizing a method that is
unique in the sense that while it is simple, the idea is completely novel and hitherto untested.In railway line, any time the track
it’s striking due to weather condition, earthquake, cyclone, etc.. The Track damage status is monitored by the sensor and
wireless modules, when the sensor not getting signal, immediately notifies and alert or informs to the current train or authority
people on the track. The above task can achieve through microcontrollers, GSM and GPS, sensors.
INTRODUCTION
An Embedded system is a combination of software and
hardware to perform a dedicated task .Some of the main
devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors
and Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are commonly
referred to as general purpose processors as they simply
accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In
contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts the data as
inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with
various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the
result. The ―Robust Railway Crack Detection Scheme
(RRCDS) Using LED-LDR Assembly‖ using ARM9
microcontroller is an exclusive project which is used to
detect the cracks in railway track.
In this project we required ARM controller. The
Microcontroller forms the heart of the project because it
controls the devices being interfaced and communicates
with the devices according to the program being written
(see fig 1).
A. S3C2440AMicrocontroller
Samsung's S3C2440A 16/32-bit RISC microprocessor.
Samsung’s S3C2440A is designed to provide hand-held
devices and general applications with low-power, and
high-performance microcontroller solution in small die
size. To reduce total system cost, the S3C2440A includes
the following components. The S3C2440A is developed
with ARM920T core, 0.13um CMOS standard cells and a
memory complier. Its low power, simple, elegant and fully
static design is particularly suitable for cost- and powersensitive
applications. It adopts a new bus architecture
known as Advanced Micro controller Bus Architecture
(AMBA). The S3C2440A offers outstanding features with
its CPU core, a 16/32-bit ARM920T RISC processor
designed by Advanced RISC Machines, Ltd. The
ARM920T implements MMU, AMBA BUS, and Harvard
cache architecture with separate 16KB instruction and
16KB data caches, each with an 8-word line length. By
providing a complete set of common system peripherals,
the S3C2440A minimizes overall system costs and
eliminates the need to configure additional components.
B. LDR
LDR stands for Light Dependent Resistor. It is very
useful in measuring light. Initially LDR is having high
resistance, when the light fall on the resistor the resistance
of the ldr falls, allowing current to pass through it. Based
on the property of resistance we can measure the light.
Normally the Light Dependent Resistor is made up of
Cadmium Sulphide. It does not has polarity. By using the
LDR when there is a dark then automatically the lights will
be ON.
C. LCD
Lcd stands for liquid crystal display. It is an output
device and mainly used for displaying the characters,
numbers and any type of special characters. Previously In
place of LCD they have used seven-segment Display. Here
the cost of LCD is low as compared to the seven-segment
display. Now a day’s LCD plays a major role.
In this project lcd is used for displaying the value of
temperature and humidity. For example if the temperature
value is 30 degree centigrade’s then it displays as 30
degrees. It also displays the status of lights in home
whether they are ON or OFF.
D. GSM
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a
GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a
dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that
a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed
telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives
data through radio waves. A GSM modem can be an
external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically,
an external GSM modem is connected to a computer
through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem in
the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use
with a laptop computer. It should be inserted into one of
the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer.
Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM
card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.
E. GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system that sends and receives radio signals. A
GPS receiver acquires these signals and provides you with
information. Using GPS technology, you can determine
location, velocity, and time, 24 hours a day, in any weather
conditions anywhere in the world—for free. GPS, formally
known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and
Ranging). Global Positioning System originally was
developed for the military. Because of its popular
navigation capabilities and because you can access GPS
technology using small, inexpensive equipment, the
government made the system available for civilian use. The
USA owns GPS technology and the Department of Defense
maintains it. The signals can pass through clouds, glass, and
plastic. Most solid objects such as buildings attenuate
(decrease the power of) the signals. The signals cannot pass
through objects that contain a lot of metal or objects that
contain water (such as underwater locations). The GPS
satellites are powered by solar energy. If solar energy is
unavailable, for example, when the satellite is in the earth’s
shadow, satellites use backup batteries to continue running.
Each GPS satellite is built to last about 10 years. The
Department of Defense monitors and the satellites to ensure that GPS technology continues to run smoothly for years to
come.
F. DC Motor
A dc motor uses electrical energy to
produce mechanical energy, very typically through the
interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying
conductors. The reverse process, producing electrical
energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by
an alternator, generator or dynamo. Many types of electric
motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. The input
of a DC motor is current/voltage and its output is torque
(speed). The DC motor has two basic parts those are the
rotating part that is called the armature and the stationary
part that includes coils of wire called the field coils. The
stationary part is also called the stator. Armature is made
of coils of wire wrapped around the core, and the core has
an extended shaft that rotates on bearings. We should also
notice that the ends of each coil of wire on the armature are
terminated at one end of the armature. The termination
points are called the commutator, and this is where the
brushes make electrical contact to bring electrical current
from the stationary part to the rotating part of the machine.
III. MECHANICAL DESIGN
The mechanical design of the project is clearly
illustrated. The LED-LDR’s can be fixed on the track or
they can be attached to the robot or in advance they can be
set to the engine itself. The signals i.e, the light from the
LED continuously falls on the LDR when they are set to
the means like the robot or the engine, as when the crack is
detected the light outsourcing from the LED doesn’t fall on
the LDR by which the resistance is calculated at this point
of time and then the current positions are captured using
the GPS and the latitude and the longitude positions are
sent to the mobile using the GSM module. On board the
implementation is shown when the obstacle is placed in
between the LED and LDR the motor which is rotating
continuously specifying that the there is no crack will get
to rest position, at this point of time the current latitude and
longitudinal positions are captured by the GPS and the
locations are sent to the mobile via sms through GSM.
There are few more design criteria which were taken into
account:
1. The wheels of the robot will be similar to the wheels
of the train, i.e. a big wheel welded/joined with a
smaller wheel. The smaller wheel runs on the track
while the bigger one prevents the robot from falling. It
is must that the bigger wheel is on the inner side of the
railway track. It is because in the general Indian
scenario the stones and other debris are comparatively
less on the inner side tracks. If the bigger wheels are
placed outside it may brush against the debris causing it
to destabilize or in worst case get stuck or even fall.
2. The LED-LDR assembly shouldn’t go below the rim
of the rail otherwise it may get damaged due to the
scattered debris.
3. The distance between the front wheel and the LED- LDR assembly is a crucial design aspect. The front
wheel of the robot should be kept sufficiently behind
the LED-LDR assembly so that the robot has sufficient
distance to stop after a crack is detected. In our case it
is 12 cm.
IV. RESULTS
The field trials gave negative results for the presence of
crack in the length of the tested track-length due to the
absence of cracks in the tested area. These results were
tested over and again and no false outputs were obtained as
the LED-LDR arrangement was recalibrated before each
startup. In order to test the functionality of the crack
detection system as well as the GPS and GSM modules, a
mechanical arrangement to simulate an actual crack was
created and the system was found to accurately detect the
presence of it and the GSM module successfully
transmitted the current co-ordinates obtained from GPS.
The accuracy of the GPS system was tested by comparing
the obtained co-ordinate locations using Google maps
shows an SMS sent by the GSM modem (with an Airtel
Sim Card) to a mobile phone indicating the co-ordinates of
the artificial crack. Insufficient GSM and GPS signal, has
however been a problem during simulated tests, while this
problem was not observed during the field tests due to the
open area of the track lines without much obstruction to
signals.
CONCLUSION
The project ―Robust Railway Crack Detection Scheme
(RRCDS) Using LED-LDR Assembly‖ has been
successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all
the hardware components used have developed it. Presence
of every module has been reasoned out and placed
carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.
S econdly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of
growing technology the project has been successfully
implemented.