24-09-2013, 02:26 PM
A PARADIGM IMAGE ANALYSIS AND AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY FOR RELINQUISHED WIDGET
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ABSTRACT
This project deals with tracking the objects at a public place and determines which one remains stationary. Abandoned objects in public areas concern authorities since they might pose a security risk. Algorithms, such as the one used in this project, can be used to assist security officers monitoring live surveillance video by directing their attention to a potential area of interest. In this project a background image of the entire space, which has to be monitored, is taken initially. After some time new image after the arrival of the objects is taken and is subtracted from the background image. While subtracting the irregular objects (human) are neglected. Matlab is used to analyze the images in different frames. When an object is found to be in the same place for a long time the alarm fixed to the microcontroller sounds. This project uses a custom tracking algorithm using the following steps: Eliminate video areas that are unlikely to contain abandoned objects by extracting a region of interest (ROI).Perform video segmentation using background subtraction. Calculate object statistics using the Blob Analysis block. Track objects based on their area and centriod statistics. Visualize the results.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, visual surveillance by intelligent cameras has attracted increasing interest from homeland security, law enforcement, and military agencies. The detection of suspicious (dangerous) items is one of the most important applications. These items can be grouped into two main classes, dynamic suspicious behaviors (e.g., a person attempting to attack others) and static dangerous objects (e.g., luggage or bomb abandoned in public places).The scope of this project falls into the latter category. Specifically, we investigate how to detect nonfat static objects in a scene using a moving camera. Since these objects may have arbitrary shape, color or texture, state-of-the-art category-specific (e.g., face/car/human) object detection technology, which usually learns one or more specific classifiers based upon a large set of similar training images, cannot be applied to our scenario.
To deal with this detection problem, we propose a simple but effective framework based upon matching a reference and target video sequences. The reference video is taken by a moving camera when there is no MVM to improve the sensing reliability. The embedded surveillance system determines the sensor results and then decides whether to start the Web camera to both capture images and upload these captured images to the Web page through the Internet. We use the MCU’s sleep mode to reduce the alert power consumption for our home embedded surveillance system when there is no intruder so as to improve the traditional surveillance system without wasting the power.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
Power supply unit
A 230v, 50Hz Single phase AC power supply is given to a step down transformer to get 12v supply. This voltage is converted to DC voltage using a Bridge Rectifier. The converted pulsating DC voltage is filtered by a 2200uf capacitor and then given to 7805 voltage regulator to obtain constant 5v supply. This 5v supply is given to all the components in the circuit.
AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
Data Memory
The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM.
Special Function Registers (SFR)
Special function registers are part of RAM memory. Their purpose is predefined by the manufacturer and cannot be changed therefore. Since their bits are physically connected to particular circuits within the microcontroller, such as A/D converter, serial communication module etc., any change of their state directly affects the operation of the microcontroller or some of the circuits.
Program Counter
Program Counter is an engine running the program and points to the memory address containing the next instruction to execute. After each instruction execution, the value of the counter is incremented by 1. For this reason, the program executes only one instruction at a time just as it is written. However…the value of the program counter can be changed at any moment, which causes a “jump” to a new memory location. This is how subroutines and branch instructions are executed.
Timers/Counters
Most programs use these miniature electronic "stopwatches" in their operation. These are commonly 8- or 16-bit SFRs the content of which is automatically incremented by each coming pulse. Once the register is completely loaded, an interrupt is generated!.If these registers use an internal quartz oscillator as a clock source, then it is possible to measure the time between two events (if the register value is T1 at the moment measurement has started, and T2 at the moment it has finished, then the elapsed time is equal to the result of subtraction T2-T1 ).
If the registers use pulses coming from external source, then such a timer is turned into a counter. A register or a memory cell is an electronic circuit which can memorize the state of one byte. Besides 8 bits available to the user, each register has also a number of addressing bits. It is important to remember that: All registers of ROM as well as those of RAM referred to as general-purpose registers are mutually equal and nameless. During programming, each of them can be assigned a name, which makes the whole operation much easier. All SFRs are assigned names which are different for different types of the microcontrollers and each of them has a special function as their name suggests.
POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
DIODE
In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with nonlinear resistance and conductance (i.e., a nonlinear current–voltage characteristic), distinguishing it from components such as two-terminal linear resistors which obey Ohm's law. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now rarely used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers these diodes are forms of rectifiers.