30-09-2016, 04:46 PM
1457100697-RecognitionofMultipleStaticHandGesturesforHuman.docx (Size: 980.23 KB / Downloads: 6)
Abstract:
The use of hand gestures provides an attractive alternative to cumbersome interface devices for human-computer interaction (HCI). However, the number of hand gestures has not been fully explored for HCI application. It is necessary to achieve more gestures as the command of interface like embedded system via wireless. This paper proposed a method to recognize four different hand gestures. Using camera to get images of hand actions without gloves and then current image transfer to the microcontroller, control the interface of electrical appliances.
INTRODUCTION
Major goal is the integration of virtual content embedded into the user's real environment as realistic as possible. Commonly, interaction between user and computer application occurs by use of non-natural interaction techniques. To achieve a fully wireless technology based control the electrical appliances, the system's output (e.g. visualization) as well as system's input has to adapt to the user's reality. For this reason, our contribution focuses on the integration of a static and dynamic gesture recognition system for the use within home or industrial applications.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :
To recognize four different hand gestures, using camera to get images of hand actions without gloves and then current image transfer to the micro-controller, it controls the interface of electrical appliances. The web camera Capture the hand actions without gloves and currently save the images in MATLAB. First hand moment, the web camera capture the first moment without gloves and currently save in mat lab. Similar to second, third and fourth hand moments. The symbols are transmitted using wireless modem through zigbee which is capable of transmitting the signal up to 500 meters connected to com port of our pc Receive the signal from pc (includes the MATLAB codes). Receiver modem receives the signal through zigbee and given to the micro-controller. Required operation will be performed to connecting the ROBOT. The Robot moves according to the signal received. The voice modem is used to instruct the Robot direction.
INTRODUCTION:
Novices in electronics usually think that the microcontroller is the same as the microprocessor. That’s not true. They differ from each other in many ways. The first and most important difference in favour of the microcontroller is its functionality. In order that the microprocessor may be used, other components, memory comes first, must be added to it. Even though it is considered a powerful computing machine, it is not adjusted to communicating to peripheral environment. In order to enable the microprocessor to communicate with peripheral environment, special circuits must be used. This is how it was in the beginning and remains the same today.
On the other hand, the microcontroller is designed to be all of that in one. No other specialized external components are needed for its application because all necessary circuits which otherwise belong to peripherals are already built in it. It saves time and space needed to design a device.
Features of PIC16F877A:
High-performance RISC CPU
Lead-free: RoHS-compliant
Operating speed:20Mhz, 200ns instruction cycle
Operating voltage:4.0-5.5volts
Industrial temperature range(-40 to +85 degrees)
15 Interrupt sources
35 single word instructions
All single-cycle instructions except for program branches
Special Microcontroller Features
Flash memory:14.3KB(8192 words)
Data SRAM:368 bytes
Data EEPROM:256 bytes
Self-reprogrammable under software control
In-circuit serial programming via two pins
Watchdog timer with on-chip RC oscillator
Programmable code protection
Power-saving code protection
Selectable oscillator options
In-circuit debug via two pins
Peripheral Features:
33 I/O pins : 5 I/O ports
Timer0:8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1:16-bit timer/counter with prescaler
Timer2:8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register,
prescaler and postscaler
Two capture, compare, PWM modules
Synchronous serial port with two modes
USART/SCI with 9-bit address detection
Parallel slave port
Brown-out detection circuitry for brown-out reset
Analog Features:
10-bit, 8-channel A/D converter
Brown-out reset
Analog comparable module
4.2 LCD DISPLAY
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor is called a contractor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments.
4.4 WEB CAM
A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to computer network. When "captured" by the computer, the video stream may be saved, viewed or sent on to other networks via systems such as the internet, and email as an attachment. When sent to a remote location, the video stream may be saved, viewed or on sent there. Unlike an IP camera (which connects using Ethernet or Wi-Fi), a webcam is generally connected by a USB cable, or similar cable, or built into computer hardware, such as laptops.
A webcam is a hardware camera connected to a computer that allows anyone connected to the internet to view either still pictures or motion video of a user or other object. The picture of the Logitech Webcam C270 is a good example of what a webcam may look. Today, most webcams are either embedded into the display with laptop computers or connected to the USB or FireWireport on the computer.
The first webcam is considered to be the XCoffee, also known as the Trojan Room coffee pot. The camera started in 1991 with the help of Quentin Stafford-Fraser and Paul Jardetzky and connected to the Internet in November of 1993 with the help of Daniel Gordon and Martyn Johnson. The camera monitored a coffee pot outside the Trojan Room in the University of Cambridge, so people didn't have to make trips to the coffee pot when it didn't have any coffee. After being mentioned in the press, the website had over 150,000 people online watching the coffee pot. The webcam went offline August 22,2001. The picture to the left is an example of how the XCoffee appeared online.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WEBCAM
Webcams are known for their low manufacturing cost and their high flexibility, making them the lowest cost form of videotelephony. Despite the low cost, the resolution offered at present (2015) is rather impressive, with low end webcams offering resolutions of 320x240, medium webcams offering 640x480 resolution, and high-end webcams offering 1280x720 (aka 720p) or even 1920x1080 (aka 1080p) resolution
4.5 RS232
DB9 Connector:
The term "DB9" refers to a common connector type, one of the D-Subminiature or D-Sub types of connectors. DB9 has the smallest "footprint" of the D-Subminiature connectors, and houses 9 pins (for the male connector) or 9 holes (for the female connector).
DB9 connectors were once very common on PCs and servers. DB9 connectors are designed to work with the EIA/TIA 232 serial interface standard, which determined the function of all nine pins as a standard, so that multiple companies could design them into their products. DB9 connectors were commonly used for serial peripheral devices like keyboards, mice, joysticks, etc
Today, the DB9 has mostly been replaced by more modern interfaces such as USB, PS/2, Fire wire, and others. However, there are still many legacy devices that use the DB9 interface for serial communication. A DB9 connector has 9 pins arranged in two rows, with one row on top of the other. The top row has 5 pins and the lower row has 4 pins. This interface is commonly used for RS-232 serial applications. For several years, DB9 ports were standard equipment on PCs; nowadays, many newer computers are being built without them. On a PC, the serial port is commonly a DB9 male. Gender: Male | Female.
In practice, only one serial communication channel with accompanying handshaking is present. Only very few computers have been manufactured where both serial RS232 channels are implemented. Examples of this are the Sun SparcStation 10 and 20 models and the Dec Alpha Multia. Also on a number of Telesis modem models the secondary channel is present. It can be used to query the modem status while the modem is on-line and busy communicating. On personal computers, the smaller DB9 version is more commonly used today. The diagrams show the signals common to both connector types in black. The defined pins only present on the larger connector are shown in red.
The circuit uses negative feedback from the comparator to adjust the counter until the DAC's output is close enough to the input signal. The number is read from the counter. Delta converters have very wide ranges, and high resolution, but the conversion time is dependent on the input signal level, though it will always have a guaranteed worst-case. Delta converters are often very good choices to read real-world signals. Most signals from physical systems do not change abruptly. Some converters combine the delta and successive approximation approaches; this works especially well when high frequencies are known to be small in magnitude. Developing embedded systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems.