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ABSTRACT
This project describes the design of a simple, low-cost controller based patient health monitoring system. This instrument employs a simple Opto electronic sensor, conveniently strapped on the finger, to give continuous indication of the pulse digits. The Pulse monitor works both on battery or mains supply. It is ideal for continuous monitoring in operation theatres, I.C. units, biomedical/human engineering studies and sports medicine.
Advances in embedded computing systems have resulted in the emergence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which provide unique opportunities for sensing physical environment of our daily lives. ZigBee-compliant WSN platforms have been proposed for Healthcare monitoring, smart home, industrial monitoring and sensor, and other applications.
INTRODUCTION
Microcontroller Based Wireless Temperature And Heart Beat Read Out suitable for operation in a small office/home environment. This system is easy to operate, with Visual LCD. Many individuals and organizations may, for various reasons, wish to use electronic surveillance techniques at some time or another. The idea is to use off-the-shelf RF Tx/Rx modules. The weather keeps us continually occupied. Some people have even made it their profession.
In the past pace of life it is difficult for people to be constantly available for their near ones who might need them while they are suffering from any disease or physical disorder. So constant monitoring of the patient’s body parameters such as body temperature, Pulse rate and sugar level etc becomes difficult [1]. In ICU’s as described that Nurses or other care taker may not be available for constant monitoring of the patient’s health. Due to this sometime, the patient’s health changes to critical from normal condition. In this proposed system, we have used a microcontroller based system having various sensors to continuously taking the measurement of the patient’s heart beat, body temperature etc and displaying the same on the LCD continuously. In this system the information about patient’s health is provided within every prescribed interval of time to the Doctor.
This time interval is counted by the Real Time Clock (DS1307 RTC) embedded in the system. This data is provided to doctor via Wireless GSM modem. This system takes care of patient’s health 24x7 whereas this facility is not available in the conventional system. This proposed system is portable & can be used at the home also and Microcontroller is used in this system AT89S52 which is very cheap in cost so system cost is automatically reduced. For transmission of the message Wireless GSM Technique is used. Here in this system we have made a change that suppose if controller receives the abnormal condition of health of patient via measurement from the sensors and through GSM, it gives a message of the abnormal condition of the patient’s health but due to busyness if doctor has not received the message than it is useless. So to overcome that error In this system before giving the message of the abnormal condition of the patient to the doctor Before this, the system will give a miss call to the doctor’ s cell phone so Doctor will get alert that Message has to come. So Doctor can make easy treatment for the patient’s health. For body temperature LM35 (National semiconductor) and for Pulse rate the Heart Beat Sensor of the SUNROM Technologies is used. GSM is used for message transmission and calling purpose or we can say for communication of the Microcontroller with the Doctor for any abnormal condition of the patient’s health.
Normally it is difficult to keep track on abnormalities in heartbeat count for patient itself manually. The average heartbeat per minute for 25-year old ranges between 140- 170 beats per minute while for a 60-year old it is typically between 115-140 beats per minute and body temperature is 37degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit. Patients are not well versed with manual treatment which doctors normally use for tracking the count of heartbeat. So there must be some device which would help patient to keep track on their health by themselves. There are various instruments available in market to keep track on internal body changes. But there are many limitations regarding their maintenance due their heavy cost, size of instruments, and mobility of patients.
Nowadays the data transmission device of ZigBee-Embedded Development – TCP/IP should be researched to solve energy consumption monitoring. The main focus of this paper is on wireless communication. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) platforms [1] for remote healthcare monitoring are hot research topics in recent years. A number of systems have been reported for wireless healthcare monitoring. The Code Blue [2] project creates a WSN system for per-hospital and in-hospital emergency care, disaster response, and stroke patient rehabilitation. Scalable Medical Alert and Response Technology (SMART) [3] is an easy deployment system for monitoring and tracing patients.
This project uses LPC2148 MCU as its controller. By reading all the values of temperature and heart rate will be displayed on PC. The Blood Pressure will also be displayed on the PC. The display is seen wirelessly using Zigbee. This project uses regulated 5V, 750mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
Temperature, heartbeat, Blood Pressure will be displayed on the LCD display which is connected to the Microcontroller. And also the display is on the PC wirelessly using Zigbee communication Device. Continuous measurement of patient parameters such as heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood-oxygen saturation, and many other parameters have become a common feature of the care of critically ill patients. When accurate and immediate decision-making is crucial for effective patient care, electronic monitors frequently are used to collect and display physiological data. Increasingly, such data are collected using non-invasive sensors from less seriously ill patients in a hospital’s medical-surgical units, labor and delivery suites, nursing homes, or patients’ own homes to detect unexpected life-threatening conditions or to record routine but required data efficiently.
Body sensor network systems can help people by providing healthcare services such as medical monitoring, memory enhancement, medical data access, and communication with the healthcare provider in emergency situations through the SMS or GPRS [1,2]. Continuous health monitoring with wearable [3] or clothing-embedded transducers [4] and implantable body sensor networks [5] will increase detection of emergency conditions in at risk patients. Not only the patient, but also their families will benefit from these. Also, these systems provide useful methods to remotely acquire and monitor the physiological signals without the need of interruption of the patient’s normal life, thus improving life quality.
Health monitoring systems become a hot topic and important research field today. Research on the monitoring were developed for many applications such as military, homecare unit, hospital, sports training and emergency monitoring system. In this paper, we developed the wearable and real-time monitoring system of some critical vital signs for elderly people, because the people who ages over 60 years old encounter accidental incidents over 60 percent. That system may help doctor or people in family monitor the emergency alarm from patient or elderly people.
The pulse oximetry data helps to prevent and protect the oxygen lack in monitored patient’s blood stream. This condition will occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen is called cerebral hypoxia [4]. Moreover, pulse oximetry data can predict the patient’s disease and accident situation. Wireless technology was developed in many applications that becoming a part of human activities such as agriculture, military, medical care, smart home system etc
LITETRATURE REVIEW
Xiaoxin Xu Mingguang Wu presented Healthcare monitoring, smart home, industrial monitoring and sensor, and other applications. In this project we using TI CC2430 and CC2431 chipsets with Z-Stack designed an outdoor patients’ healthcare monitoring system, for tracking patients, and helping doctors and nurses to keep tabs on their patients’ health remotely.
Sudip Nag e-jacket presented here is an example of a smart clothing system with multiple bioparameter acquisition of electrocardiogram (ECG), pulse oximetry, body motion/tilt and skin temperature. The battery operated circuit has an integrated graphic liquid crystal display (LCD) screen and a 2.4GHz wireless link. An RS232 interface provides a plug-in port for easy accessibility to remote telemedicine applications. The system incorporates an efficient ARM7 microcontroller to coordinate a list of software tasks with associated time stamp. Although present systems allow continuous monitoring of patient vital signs, these systems require the sensors to be placed bedside monitors or PCs, and limit the patient to his bed. But now, there is no relation between the sensors and the bedside equipment due to the wireless devices and wireless networks [6].
These systems do not require the patient to be limited to his bed and allow him to move around but requires being within a specific distance from the bedside monitor. Out of this range, it is not possible to collect data. In most cases, health monitoring will be done by infrastructure-oriented wireless networks such as commercial cellular/3G networks or wireless LANs. But, the coverage of the infrastructure-oriented networks changes with time or location. Sometimes, the coverage of wireless network is not available, or the coverage is available but we cannot access to the network due to a lack of available bandwidth.
Subhani Sk. M. proposed VLSI technology and GSM communication in these days. This project deals about the implementation of GSM technology in Medical applications. This wireless communications would not only provide them with safe and accurate monitoring but also the freedom of movement. In this, heart beat and temperature of patient are measured by using sensors as analog data, later it is converted into digital data using ADC which is suitable for wireless transmission using paging messages through GSM modem. AT89S52 micro controller device is used for temporary storage of the data used for transmission.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION
In this project we are using ARM7 microcontroller for transmitting and zigbee with PC for receiver section . The sensor keep monitering the health of patient when there is any variation or sudden change in health of patient is occur by ARM 7 microcontroller buzzer will on and simultaneously by the means of zig bee transmitter values will be recever by Zigbee receiver at receiver side and display in PC.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
• ARM7
• LCD
• BUZZER
• ZIG BEE
• TEMRATURE SENSOR
• CONCENTRATION SENSOR
• BLOOD PRESSURE SENSOR
• PANIC SWITCH
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
• Keil
• Proload
COMPONENT DISCRIPTION
ARM7:
Introduction to ARM:
Founded in November 1990, it is spun out of Acorn Computers, it Designs the ARM range of RISC processor cores. Licenses ARM core designs to semiconductor partners who fabricate and sell to their customers. ARM does not fabricate silicon itself, it also develop technologies to assist with the design-in of the ARM architecture. Software tools, boards, debug hardware, application software, bus architectures, peripherals etc.
Architectural overview:
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high performance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode mechanism are much simpler than those of microprogrammed Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC). This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor core. Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and memory systems can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its successor is being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory. The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a unique architectural strategy known as Thumb, which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications with memory restrictions, or applications where code density is an issue. The key idea behind Thumb is that of a super-reduced instruction set. Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:
• The standard 32-bit ARM set.
• A 16-bit Thumb set.
General description:
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/42/44/46/48 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. Serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
5.2. Features
Key features
16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory.
128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot loader
Software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 bytes in 1 ms.
EmbeddedICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the
On-chip RealMonitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
In addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 μs per channel.
Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
Channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input
Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400 kbit/s),
SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
On-chip flash program memory:
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 incorporate a 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 512 kB flash memory system respectively. This memory may be used for both code and data storage. Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in several ways. It may be programmed In System via the serial port. The application program may also erase and/or program the flash while the application is running, allowing a great degree of flexibility for data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural solution chosen for an on-chip boot loader, flash memory available for user’s code on LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 500 kB respectively. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 flash memory provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.
On-chip static RAM:
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM may be accessed as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2141, LPC2142/44 and LPC2146/48 provide 8 kB, 16 kB and 32 kB of static RAM respectively. In case of LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB SRAM block intended to be utilized mainly by the USB can also be used as a general purpose RAM for data storage and code storage and execution.
Memory map:
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 memory map incorporates several distinct regions, as shown in Figure 5.
In addition, the CPU interrupt vectors may be remapped to allow them to reside in either flash memory (the default) or on-chip static RAM. This is described in Section 6.19
5.6 Interrupt controller:
The Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) accepts all of the interrupt request inputs and categorizes them as Fast Interrupt Request (FIQ), vectored Interrupt Request (IRQ), and non-vectored IRQ as defined by programmable settings. The programmable assignment scheme means that priorities of interrupts from the various peripherals can be dynamically assigned and adjusted. Fast interrupt request (FIQ) has the highest priority. If more than one request is assigned to FIQ, the VIC combines the requests to produce the FIQ signal to the ARM processor. The fastest possible FIQ latency is achieved when only one request is classified as FIQ, because then the FIQ service routine does not need to branch into the interrupt service routine but can run from the interrupt vector location. If more than one request is assigned to the FIQ class, the FIQ service routine will read a word from the VIC that identifies which FIQ source(s) is (are) requesting an interrupt. Vectored IRQs have the middle priority. Sixteen of the interrupt requests can be assigned to this category. Any of the interrupt requests can be assigned to any of the 16 vectored IRQ slots, among which slot 0 has the highest priority and slot 15 has the lowest. Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest priority. The VIC combines the requests from all the vectored and non-vectored IRQs to produce the IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ service routine can start by reading a register from the VIC and jumping there. If any of the vectored IRQs are pending, the VIC provides the address of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service routine, otherwise it provides the address of a default routine that is shared by all the non-vectored IRQs. The default routine can read another VIC register to see what IRQs are active.
Crystal oscillator
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with external crystal in range of 1 MHz to 25 MHz. The oscillator output frequency is called fosc and the ARM processor clock frequency is referred to as CCLK for purposes of rate equations, etc. fosc and CCLK are the same value unless the PLL is running and connected. Refer to Section 6.19.2 “PLL” for additional information.
ARM7 LPC2148 is ARM7TDMI-S Core Board Microcontroller that uses 16/32-Bit 64 Pin (LQFP) Microcontroller No.LPC2148 from Philips (NXP). All resources inside LPC2148 is quite perfect, so it is the most suitable to learn and study because if user can learn and understand the applications of all resources inside MCU well, it makes user can modify, apply and develop many excellent applications in the future. Because Hardware system of LPC2148 includes the necessary devices within only one MCU such as USB, ADC, DAC, Timer/Counter, PWM, Capture, I2C, SPI, UART, and etc.
5.17 .Board Technical Specifications
Processor* : LPC2148
Clock speed : 11.0592 MHz / 22.1184 MHz
Clock Divisors : 6 (or) 12
Real time Clock : DS1307 on i2c Bus /w Battery
Data Memory : 24LCxx on i2c Bus
LCD : 16x2 Backlight
LED indicators : Power
RS-232 : +9V -9V levels
Power : 7-15V AC/DC @ 500 mA
Voltage Regulator : 5V Onboard LM7805
Specifications of Board:
Use 16/32 Bit ARM7TDMI-S MCU No.LPC2148 from Philips (NXP)
Has 512KB Flash Memory and 40KB Static RAM internal MCU
Use 12.00MHz Crystal, so MCU can process data with the maximum high speed at 60MHz when using it with Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) internal MCU.
Has RTC Circuit (Real Time Clock) with 32.768 KHz XTAL and Battery Backup.
Support In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP) through On-Chip Boot-Loader Software via Port UART-0 (RS232)
Has circuit to connect with standard 20 Pin JTAG ARM for Real Time Debugging
7-12V AC/DC Power Supply.
Has standard 2.0 USB as Full Speed inside (USB Function has 32 End Point)
Has Circuit to connect with Dot-Matrix LCD with circuit to adjust its contrast by using 16 PIN Connector.
Has RS232 Communication Circuit by using 2 Channel.
Has SD/MMC card connector circuit by using SSP.
Has EEPROM interface using I2C.
Has PS2 keyboard interface.
All port pins are extracted externally for further interfaces.
What is Zigbee and who all are involved?
Zigbee is a low power spin off of WiFi. It is a specification for small, low power radios based on IEEE 802.15.4 – 2003 Wireless Personal Area Networks standard. The specification was accepted and ratified by the Zigbee alliance in December 2004. Zigbee Alliance is a group of more than 300 companies including industry majors like Philips, Mitsubishi Electric, Epson, Atmel, Texas Instruments etc. which are committed towards developing and promoting this standard. The alliance is responsible for publishing and maintaining the ZIgbee specification and has updated it time and again after making it public for the first time in 2005. Most of the recent devices conform to the Zigbee 2007 specifications has two feature sets– Zigbee and Zigbee Pro. The manufacturers which are members of the Alliance provide software, hardware and reference designs to anyone who wants to build applications using Zigbee.
Many years ago, when Bluetooth technology was introduced, it was thought that Bluetooth would make WiFi redundant. But the two coexist quite well today, so do many other Wireless standards like WirelessHART and ISA100.11a. Then why would we need another WPAN standard like Zigbee? The answer is, the application focus of Zigbee Alliance - low cost and low power for energy efficient and cost effective intelligent devices. Moreover, Zigbee and Bluetooth have different application focus. Despite of all their similarities, and despite the fact that both are based on the IEEE 802.15 standards, the two are different in technology as well as scope. Bluetooth is made with mobile phones as its centre of universe enabling media transfer at rates in excess of 1 Mbps while Zigbee is built with emphasis on low data rate control system sensors featuring slower data of just 250 kbps.
Zigbee Networks
Zigbee devices can form networks with Mesh, Star and Generic Mesh topologies among themselves. The network can be expanded as a cluster of smaller networks. A ZigBee network can have three types of nodes: Zigbee Coordinator (ZBC), Zigbee router (ZBR) and Zigbee End Device (ZBE) each having some unique property.