25-01-2013, 02:38 PM
AN 16 – BIT FIXED – POINT SQUARE ROOT OPERATION USING VHDL
POINT SQUARE ROOT.pdf (Size: 1.97 MB / Downloads: 81)
ABSTRACT
Digital design is a part of human life nowadays; we cannot deny its existence in
our life. The simple example would be our computer. Behind its functionality in doing
its jobs and task, there is a complex design of digital system that play the role part of
executing the operation so that our computer can perform its task when given one. On
the other hand, square root is one of an important part in scientific calculation, computer
graphic applications. Hence, square root is one of the operation that important for
computer to performs its task. The programming languages used is VHDL (Very High
Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). The software used is ISE
10.1 that were specially made to interface with Xilinx development board. Through
successfully creates it, simulation can be done and verify the system with it
functionality. Hence, a digital system that operates as fixed –point square root is
created.
INTRODUCTION
Digital system design has becoming a crucial technology that moves the
modern world. It has been contributing its hands in variety of field of activities. From
industrial to daily life, mankind cannot deny that digital system has been an
important need in this modern world now and future.
So, this development of technology of digital system is going forward for the
sake of modern technology in trying to reduce the cost production and maximized the
output of production as example for industrial field. In people daily life, they
expected in to do various kind of task that would ease our job despite being portable
and has limited resources. For example a handset, which in nowadays users not only
can use it as communication tools but also as entertainment tools. This is thanks to
digital system technology that has been developed and still developing as it offers
many possibilities in improving it.
In developing digital system design, a common techniques use is to used
VHDL language in order to programmed it in software where simulation can be
perform to do analysis of designed system. This approached has its advantages as its
does not make any cost as the programmed system can be programmed and erased
without the effort to alter the hardware
VHDL stands for (very high speed integrated circuit hardware description
language) is languages that enable the programmer describe the circuits of digital
design in textual form. So, it is preferred than other programming language such as
C++, Visual Basic and MATLAB which is usually a sequential languages.
Usually the hardware used would be a development board such as FPGAs
that being offers by many manufacturer, for example is Spartan-3 from Xilinx. This
development board has a chip that can be used to implement the designed digital
system for analysis afterward.
Objective
This project has 3 objectives;
1. To use a description language to creates digital system design.
2. To choose and understand a suitable algorithm to be implemented.
3. To operates a Fixed-point square root function with a digital system
design by simulation.
Scope of project
1. Output of the system would be in Fixed-point only, which means no
floating point will be expected to be in the output.
2. The language used would be VHDL that stands for (very high speed
integrated circuit description language).
3. The input would have maximum range of 16 bit which means the range
would be 0 to +65535 of unsigned number.
4. The design would be running trough simulation only, no implementation
into hardware involved.
Problem Statement
The square root function is a basic operation in computer graphic and
scientific calculation application. Due to its algorithm complexity, the square root
operation is hard to be designed in digital system. Digital system is the system that
can realize the operation of square root operation in hardware. As known, digital
system has been used in daily life or industrial purpose that may have been in need of
square root operation to fully its functions.
So, this project is being done to help create a prototype of digital system
design that can operate as square root operation that would be implemented in
hardware devices. Furthermore, the design created is reduced in cost and high in
performance by choosing the appropriate algorithm.
Project Contribution
A prototype of functioning digital system that operates the fixed-point
square-root function with accurate output within the required limitation of Spartan-3
Xilinx FPGA board.
A systematic approach of designing a digital design using VHDL language
with ISE 10.1 as the platform software used.
1.6 Thesis Organization
This thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter introduced the
introduction of this project, project objective, scope of work, and contribution of this
project.
Chapter 2 present the related reference studied that being used to do this
project. The algorithm used is also introduced in this chapter.
Chapter 3 would explain about the project methodology which clearly
explained about how this project is planned and organized in completing the project.
Chapter 4 presents the result for the system designed and discussion of
overall result.
In the final chapter, the project research is summarized and the
recommendations for future works are presented. The cost of the whole project and
commercialization of it is also discussed here.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter explained the VHDL language, digital system design and the
algorithm for square root function.
2.1 Digital System Design
Digital system can be defined as “a combination of devices designed to
manipulate logical information or physical quantities that are represented in digital
form; that is, the quantities can only take discrete value [7].
Other definition for Digital system is “an electronic system that operates on
two-valued electric signals, referred to as ‘1’ and ‘0’ ” [5].
While, digital system design is defined as “a process that starts from the
specification of requirements and produce a functional design that is eventually
refined through a sequence of steps to a physical implementation.”[2].
As integrated technology has enable more and more component to be in
chip, digital system has become more complex. When digital system has become
complex, detailed design of the system at gate and flip-flop level would be tedious
and time-consuming. For this reason, hardware description languages have become
important in digital system design [8].
VHDL will naturally leads to top – down design methodology, in which the
system is first specified at a high level and tested using a simulator. After the system
is debugged at this level, the design can gradually be refined, leading to a structural
description closely related to actual hardware implementation [8].
Consider the design development of application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) for a specific purpose, unlike a microprocessor that being programmed to do
variety of task. The Figure 2.1 shows us the typical sequence activities that typically
takes place in ASIC design [2].