17-07-2013, 04:34 PM
AN AUTOMATED TSUNAMI ALERT SYSTEM
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ABSTRACT
The tsunami waves cause considerable destruction and kills people. The detection section of the proposed
system consists of a microcontroller and a capacitive sensor to detect the Tsunami occurrence. The
principle is as follows, on the onslaught of Tsunami or any other natural calamity of this type, there is an
abnormal pressure rise in the seafloor. Here a proximity capacitive sensor is used which gives an output
depending on capacitance variations, and a microcontroller is used to announce the oncoming of Tsunami
event to a concerned person, through mobile computing. Mobile is used to send warning messages.
INTRODUCTION
A Tsunami is a very long-wavelength wave of water that is generated by earthquakes that causes
displacement of the seafloor, but Tsunami can also be generated by volcanic eruptions, landslides
and underwater explosions. Earthquakes of M > 6.5 are critical for tsunami generation. On the
average, there are two tsunamis per year somewhere in the world. Approximately every 15 years
a destructive, Pacific wide tsunami occurs. Tsunami velocity is dependent on the depth of water
through which it travels Tsunamis travel approximately 700 kmph in 4000 m depth of sea water.
The velocity drops to about 36 kmph at 10 m of water depth which cause damage near the shore.
Tsunami often occurs suddenly without warning and they are extremely dangerous to the coastal
communities. To protect ourselves from such disaster some automated warning systems should be
made. The proposed Tsunami warning system is basically an Embedded Systems. An embedded
System is a microcontroller based system that is incorporated into a device to monitor and control
the functions of the components of the device. Embedded systems are designed to perform
specific tasks. An Embedded system is designed to perform a specific function, in which the
software rules the entire hardware.
Increase and decrease in the wavelength of shallow waters
Tsunami is characterized as shallow-water waves. These are different from the waves most of us
have observed on a beach, which are caused by the wind blowing across the ocean's surface. A
tsunami can have a period in the range of ten minutes to two hours and wavelengths greater than 500 km. When the ratio of the water depth and wavelength is very small then the wave is
characterized as a shallow-water wave. The velocity of a shallow-water wave is also equal to the
square root of the product of the acceleration of gravity, g, (10m/sec2) and the depth of the water.
The rate at which a wave loses its energy is inversely related to its wavelength. Since the tsunami
loses little energy as it propagates and it has very large wavelength. Thus, in very deep water, a
tsunami will travel at high speeds with little loss of energy. As a tsunami leaves the deep water of
the open sea and arrives at the shallow waters near the coast, it undergoes a transformation. As
the depth of the water decreases, the velocity of the tsunami decreases and the change of total
energy of the tsunami remain constant.
Earthquakes
A sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust is known as Earthquake. A rupture of geological
faults, volcanic activity, landslides, Earthquake, mine blasts, and nuclear tests are the major
causes for tsunami. An earthquake with the Richter magnitude level 7 and above is very
disastrous, whereas the Richter magnitude level 3 and below is very meager. Earthquakes occur
in the crust or upper mantle, which ranges from the earth's surface to about 800 kilometers deep.
Earthquake is classified in to two types; one is Inter-plate earthquake, in which earthquakes occur
along the boundaries of tectonic plates. The second one is Intra-plate Earthquakes that is
earthquakes occur within the plate itself but away from the plate boundaries. Earthquakes are
recorded with the help of seismogram. Due to earthquakes or landslides a series of sea waves
called as tsunami is caused at beneath the sea floor. Due to large submarine earthquakes and
landslides the displacement of the sea floor occurs and intern causes displacement of large
volumes of the sea water above it producing large, fast moving waves.
CONCLUSION
The microcontroller is programmed with embedded C language, compiled using keil compiler
and the verified program was fused into microcontroller using the microcontroller burner. Then
the pressure variations are sensed using capacitive proximity sensor and then providing warnings
using mobile by means of oxygen Mobile SMS Control. Based on the pressure changes under the
sea, Tsunami could be detected in advance, that is before five hours.