07-07-2014, 03:38 PM
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.pdf (Size: 91.52 KB / Downloads: 15)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. ABSTRACT
This paper overviews the past, present and future of the conceptual machines with emotional intelligence. Past covers the background, the debate and discussions whether Man is a Machine. Can machines be creative? How intelligent are human beings? Can machines match the reality? Or is it all an headache without a head? The Present outlines how far we have come and why the time has come for society to build emotional machines. Further, it also gives an introduction to emotion modeling, generation and expression in forms that would be most acceptable to society. It elaborates some of the attributes and features could make machines more human like. Last but not the least, an inspirational for the future.
2. INTRODUCTION'
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science, which deals with helping machines, finds solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. Today, people are interacting more and more with computers. Life is running at a microchip speed. If all computers are stopped for a day, complete civilization comes to a halt! Fifty years ago, this might've been a science fiction, but today it is a reality. Further, with Computers being embedded in all of our life accessories like mobiles, watches, cars, even our bodies and brains there is no indication that this microchip speed will not be multiplied in the future.
Over the last decade, these electronic tiny minuscule signals have fundamentally revolutionized the way we live. People are spending more hours per day with
machines than humans. An amazing a human-machine relationship is developing. So far this bond
has been one sided because the ability to generate,
recognize and express emotions are a unique prerogative of living human beings. If this intelligence or abstract attribute could be taught to machines, it would re-conceptualize the perception of machines. It will fundamentally change the way we will life, in the third millennium.
We taught machines how to read, speak and understand humans by voices, actions and events. Now we are fast approaching a stage where we will have to impart intelligence to make these non biological machines a part of living beings family. Further, diminishing the difference between living and non living , biological and non biological. The intelligence attributes could be Emotions, Creativity and Spirituality.
3. IS MAN A MACHINE? A ROBOT?
Doctors see man as a neurological and biological system. Mathematicians consider man a collection of logic and computational devices. Intelligent Computer Experts call them interactive robots. Artists see human as a God, while some just as Animal. Computers are Computing Machines. Computation work is done by making relations. Computers Compute, The best possible relation to do a particular task or process. Is thinking just making relations? Is thinking an art or science?
Grandfather of computers, the calculators were basically invented to assist calculations. Nowadays, Super computers with AI (artificial intelligence) algorithms; try to imitate the logical working of human brains. Thinking refers to a huge abstraction, an infinite circle whose circumference engulfs everything and whose center is in every human brain.
Taking information, decisions and ability to learn can be regarded as thinking. For all such activities, we need to logical operations like compare, duplicate, store, calculate, remember and order. Yes, computers can do all this! Comparison is also the key, which
Fig1: Human brain with parallel combination of neurons & parallel combination of chips in a machine
Opens the door of emotions like makes us happy, sad or even jealous.
To make this emotions come true a machine’s active centre should be connected in parallel as in human’s neural system.
4. CAN MACHINES BE CREATIVE?
Thinking leads to creativity, something that can generate myriads of emotions in mind and soul. Can these computers generate that creativity in them? They might've beaten Gary Kasparvich once, but will they be ever able to match the genius of Einstein? Can they create such wondrous theories? Can they create paintings like Picasso? Can they deliver some beautiful thinking philosophies or Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi? Creativity requires some magical gift, which cannot be explained by logical disintegration. Some intelligent technocrats may argue that beauty or creativity is in the eyes of beholder. A newborn baby is independent of emotions likes and dislikes. Emotions are not at the core, they are governed by instincts. Which do family, society, culture and life style around us induce in us?
Then why the masterpieces of creativity, Beauty, say TajMahal is beautiful for every person breathing on this planet. Art, lives through the centuries, they never die. Why? Is it because we have been told that TajMahal is beautiful? Isn’t it as beautiful to you as it is to me? It comes natural, just sources of thought are not just instincts but somewhat deeper in how the brain works. Is it possible for any machine to replace the joy of watching the master batsman Sachin Tendulkar hitting six runs on Shane Warne's googly?
Everyone in this world is not equal because of some combination of skills. These skills are developed by the finer aspects of family and social environment.
HOW INTELLIGENT IS A MAN?
Our ancestors named the genius that knew all these abstractions as God. Can we find another name to it? How many years will it take for the mankind to get closer to that name? With in a century, Genetic engineering will enable us to manufacture ourselves just like we have car factories. But will these two individuals have same level of intellect and vision? Who hasn't heard of Great Physicist Stephen Hawkins, How is biological state of man related to intelligence?
In science, math's the vast majority of theories works on the hypothesis. Science and Math's are just a belief like religion; no doubt it has attained great heights. We do owe a great respect for these postulates because they have greatly assisted mankind reach this level of communications and luxury. But in a wider perspective this possibility appears to be a headache without a head.
What is thinking? How does brain works? How are the thoughts processed into actions? If scientists don't even know how exactly the brain works? How can the replicate the behavior or working of the brain? If a machine can't really think a situation, rather just act in a sequence of actions programmed; so, since we are progressing only from a single perspective. And this is not thinking. We can never determine if we are on right track if we do not analyze from different perspectives.
May be one can tell what he/she can or cannot do, But can one predict what he/she can not do? Or what he/she is going to do tomorrow morning? Is it comprehensible to calculate this permutation and combinations of infinite possibilities? Every word meaning is depends upon the readers or listener's mind. The human wish of being the originator, the creator.
6. REALITY AND EMOTOINS
.Humans have a very wide range of emotions. Can we define each emotion? Is it possible to a nonhuman to differentiate between disappointed and sadness? Is it possible to create a help book by defining all emotions? Can emotions be defined? Can it be related by readers? How can we explain an emotional condition or state? Are emotions generic or individualistic? A single act can generate different emotions in different individuals. How far is the dependency of emotions to individual only to his cultural background? What factors like current environment or state of activity around? Emotions
like confused, happiness, sadness, anger can be easily related to but what about others? The mixed emotions? Happiness during fight is not possible, however a ironical, humorous sarcastic remark is possible? How will a machine decipher that?
How will the people react to such machines? How far will this injected intelligence take machines? will they make our car a horse? What is the limit?
Wonder if this subject is like which came first, egg or the hen? Anyway, There is nothing wrong with in this debate yet. The nature of being is to believe what we expect to believe, and to perceive what we believe is true. But perception is based on the senses so we will not succeed in creating "human-like" machines until we can expect it as a truth. Likewise, our approach is correct until we perceive it as false.
In a crowded movie theatre, while watching a movie, one gets wrapped up in the story as if it was really happening, and this is referred to as a suspension of disbelief. The longer the suspension, the more real it is. When the general public ceases to disbelieve the robot, then we have begun to succeed. The reorientation of growth and development of living and non-living be in one direction. In future, Will robots become a part of us, rather than one of them?
9. WHY EMOTIONS?
We feel that we are alive because of emotions. "I think therefore I am" and "I feel therefore I am". The gratification of "I" of is the popular reason for living. The most popular, famous and well-respected personalities in the world so far have had a rich expressions, subtlety and complexity of behavior and highly emotional thoughts. Modern day life style has created a lot of pressure on human brains. They say," Talking " can reduce mental stress and strain. Cyber friendships, becoming real life friendships, even marriages are not unpopular. And in fact the open debate on cyber laws, cheating on net, shows that the so called "Virtual Reality" of yesterday is actual and part of the reality today. Interesting point to be noted here is that this is all effect of plain exchange of textual words. By Ordinary People, With Ordinary for ordinary people. Wonders what capabilities will an scientifically engineered emotional machines could do?
Irrespective of the age, all human beings are well committed to living life as a journey of emotions. Materialism, Religion, Emotions, Spirituality through music, and dance. Everyone has read the stories where by religious healing (spiritual, emotional). Exchange of words transformed a person from a murderer to an angel. Which even a modern day medicine science has failed to do so. One important advantage that machine have over humans is that of memory. These machines will recognize the pattern of thinking and cognitive functions of human behavior. Past is either remembered or forgotten. If forgotten, there is no possibility of recovery and if remembered, there are no error correction or detection methods. However, this is controlled environment, and where they do only a limited task. So far they have failed to pass the Turing test of human intelligence.
10. HOW CAN MACHINE GENERATE EMOTIONS?
Literature, Art, Dance, Music are all forms of emotional expressions. They can also be a source to induce emotions, and perhaps in combination with Pictures and Video even make a person relive the experience. Pen is mightier than the sword. Sometimes written and spoken text is so powerful so much enchanting that it creates a illusion around a person. It’s all in the mind, they say. Stories and miracles in which Doctors, Saints or Psychologists have healed the ailing person. Just by verbal communication. So far the internet has been like radio, one way broadcasting. Slowly and gradually it will be the 100% interactive medium of entertainment, fun and leisure.
One on One talk immediately generates emotions. According to many internet surveys, Chatting for is the biggest reason why people get online. Gratification of wants/needs for happiness and pleasure is a social want, in fact a need. Maybe emotions can't be categorized, but they can be understood like colors. All colors are made out of Red, Blue and Green. Perhaps with more than just 3 basic colors, we can generate a hierarchical tree for mapping human emotions and predicting behavior. If we add self learning ability to bots, then capabilities and efficiency would increase manifolds. If a bot is able to outsmart human curiosity and make a big illusion, it will conquer the unreal or non-living factor related to machines.
Characterization is an important aspect. In world of computers, there have been many efforts to shape up machines. Characterization facilitates easy and interactive way to understand and accept information.
11. HOW TO MAKE MACHINES MORE HUMAN LIKE?
In listening, facial expressions and body language can be of great help in understanding emotional state of a person. However, people have different personalities, they may think, react, behave, speak or feel different as same time, or same at different times.
The quality of experience that a person has while talking to a bot is a function of that person's behavior plus the resulting behavior of the responsive mechanism. Obvious exceptions to these are the robots that do monologs or that are otherwise unresponsive to what the person says or does. The expectations, the requirement and the purpose of the designed responsive system should be clearly defined. Does the person expect a will smith or a priest or a funny joker? Bots can only decipher words or in very short sentences. Human experiences, knowledge, age, intelligence's, specific subject, domain expertise and human interest can affect the dept to which a person may be able to engage the bot. External Environmental Factors that could effect human-bot conversation are disturbance, duration of chat, accuracy, quality of information exchanged, distraction and interface of interaction that exists between the two.
THE FUTURE
Classic Critics and Traditional School of Thoughts share an unshakable belief in the "survival of the fittest". Their dominant ideology of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is that the strong and large will endure - the small and weak will perish! Big fish will always devour little fish. Over the years however, individual genius in close concert with technology has often upset this primordial balance. Some little fish not only survive! They excel!!
As they flew above the grassy slopes of Kitty Hawk, in their first awkward looking airplane, the Wright brothers had a little comprehension about the real magnitude of their invention. In fact the skeptics were in abundance, proclaiming, flight to be the foolish past time of dreamers, and carnival performers, with no practical value, and certainly NO commercial importance. The Wright Brothers were forced to use vision and genius, without the comfort of any empirical data to rely upon they had no professional that their flying machine would even work, and even if they flew, they had no reason to think anyone would care, let alone, actually purchase their product. The same can be said about Edison, Graham Bell, Marconi and yes even Bill Gates. No one thought that their individual brilliance, that their intellectual offspring would change the world. They were also little fish with a technological advantage and their impact continues unabated to this day.