07-10-2016, 04:17 PM
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ABSTRACT
‘When you are in the dark even your shadow evades you’, this might sound cliché but its true in the case of millions who cannot see. Injuries or genetic defects may cause blindness at any stage of life and this is really unfortunate.
This paper looks at an adept way to overcome this adverse glitch in humans and visionise the blind. Since vision depends mainly on nervous system, it would mean trying to heal or change the nervous system.
It would be better to say –“we see with our brains than with our eyes”.
The sole principle used to visionise a blind is – “DECEIVING OUR BRAINS”.
Miraculous innovations occur when two branches of science merge and in this case medical and engineering sciences come together with such methods to evade blindness.
The credential part of this paper focuses on these methods,
a) Microchips.
b) Nano tube implant.
c) Digital artificial vision.
d) Ocular prosthetics.
e) Braille type writer.
Revolution in miniaturization, nanotechnology, image processing etc has paved way for vision. Blindness at any stage can be averted. Adaptability of humans made implantations flexible.
INTRODUCTION:
Genetic defects or injury may cause blindness at any time during the life of a person. The visually impaired are the most unfortunate people bearing darkness throughout their life. A blind mans quench for vision has made destinated science to tour its journey. Since vision depends mainly on nervous system, it would mean trying to heal or change the nervous system. It would be better to tell -“we see with our brains than with our eyes”. The sole principle used to visionise a blind is –“DECEIVING OUR BRAINS”.
Evolution in miniaturization, nanotechnology, image processing etc has paved way for vision. Blindness at any stage can be averted. Adaptability of humans made implantations flexible. The credential part of this paper focuses on five different methods available as on now for the noble cause of vision.
a) Microchips.
b) Nano tube implant.
c) Digital artificial vision.
d) Ocular prosthetics.
e) Braille type writer.
The eye is one of the most amazing organs in the body. Before we understand howartificial vision is created, it's important to know about the important role that the retina plays in how we see. Here is a simple explanation of what happens when we look at an object:
• Scattered light from the object enters through the cornea.
• The light is projected onto the retina.
• The retina sends messages to the brain through the optic nerve.
• The brain interprets what the object is.
HOW TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL VISION?
The current path that scientists are taking to create artificial vision received a jolt in 1988, when Dr. Mark Humayun demonstrated that a blind person could be made to see light by stimulating the nerve ganglia behind the retina with an electrical current. This test proved that the nerves behind the retina still functioned even when the retina had degenerated
Our advancements have surpassed human brains in accuracy. The novel idea is “With these method the brain should not feel the difference whether the signal came from a natural, healthy or from our implant retina.” A key note on future scope is also discussed in this paper.
Human visual system:
Prosthetics are artificial substitutions to the organs of the body which are disabled. Neurons of the human visual system exhibit electrical properties.
Cornea (dome), pupil (center of iris), crystalline lens (inverted), vitreous retina (into electrical pulses), optic nerves and occipital lobe constitute basic parts of eye.
Neurons send and receive electro-chemical signals to and from the brain up to 200mph.The chemicals like sodium and potassium cause an electrical signal in the neurons. When a neuron is not sending a signal, it is “at rest”, then the inside of the neuron is negative with respect to outside.
The resting membrane of the neuron is about -70mv. When the depolarization reaches about -55mv the neuron then fire an action potential (signal). This is the threshold level. When the action potential is fired we start to visualize.
Embedded Early Vision Systems:
Implementation Proposal and Hardware Architecture
Active vision appears as an alternative approach to deal with artificial vision problems. The central idea is to take into account the perceptual aspect of visual tasks, based on biological vision systems. So, instead of a full 3D representation of the observed scene, the system is supposed to extract only the useful information to solve a given problem, through a task-driven observation strategy.
In the last years, several researchers worked to develop and apply active vision.More often, studies are concentrated in the robotic field, using binocular systems to control movements of a mechanical head or a robot.
One of the active vision basic features is retroaction. It means that a feedback loop can drive the dynamic adaptation of data acquisition process, depending on the state of the system and on the current task to perform. This retroactivity, in artificial systems, may appear under different forms: mechanically (camera movements), optically (zooming), electronically (image acquisition control) or algorithmically (acquisition strategy).
The originality of our work is to exploit electronic and algorithmic retroaction using a monocular system, instead of the more classical pan/tilt/zoomapproach, used in robotic binocular heads. A schematic model of our vision system is shown in the figure below
DIGITAL ARTIFICIAL VISION:
When a person is born blind, inwardly his optic nerve would not function properly. We cannot use any retinal stimulation methods.
The artificial vision system consists of a miniature camera mounted on eyeglasses and ultrasonic range finder, 1 frame grabber, 1 microcomputer, 1 stimulus generation module, 2 implanted electrode arrays.
CONCLUSION:
• This invention is not only the fruit of one branch of science; it involves the participation of different branches of science.
• This concludes every professional relating to a branch of science should have a interesting view towards other branches of science also.
• “WISHING A REMARKABLE PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS ARTIFICIAL VISION SYSTEM, SUCH THAT EACH AND EVERY BLIND PERSON TODAY, IS NEVER A BLIND TOMMOROW.”
• Striving to eliminate the word “BLIND” from our vocabulary.