13-11-2012, 05:35 PM
AUTOMATED UNMANNED RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING SYSTEM
AUTOMATED UNMANNED RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING SYSTEM.pdf (Size: 331.99 KB / Downloads: 319)
Abstract
In the rapidly flourishing country like ours,
accidents in the unmanned level crossings are increasing
day by day No fruitful steps have been taken so far in
these areas. our paper deals with automatic railway gate
operation (i.e.,) automatic railway gate at a level crossing
replacing the gates operated by the gatekeepers, It deals
with two things, Firstly it deals with the reduction of time
for which the gate is being kept closed and secondly, to
provide safety to the road users by reducing the
accidents. By employing the automatic railway gate
control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is
detected by the sensors placed near to the gate. Hence,
the time for which it is closed is less compared to the
manually operated gates. The operation is automatic;
error due to manual operation is prevented. Automatic
railway gate control is highly microcontroller based
arrangements, designed for use in almost all the
unmanned level crossing in the train.
INTRODUCTION
The place where track and highway/road
intersects each other at the same level is known as “level
crossing”. There are mainly two types of level crossing
they are Manned level crossing and Unmanned level
crossing. Manned level crossing is classified into spl.Class,
‟A‟Class, ‟B‟Class, „C‟Class. Unmanned level crossing is
classified into „C‟Class, „D‟Class. Railways being the
cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the
other means .When we go through the daily newspapers
we come across many railway accidents occurring at
unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the
carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. We,
in this paper have come up with a solution for the same.
Using simple electronic components we have tried to
automate the control of railway gates. As a train
approaches the railway crossing from either side, the
sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate detects
the approaching train and accordingly controls the
operation of the gate. When the wheels of the train moves
over, both tracks are shorted to ground and this acts as a
signal to the microcontroller indicating train arrival.
MICROCONTROLLER
It is designed using 8051 microcontroller to avoid
railway accidents happening at unattended railway gates.
The Micro controller is a low power; high
performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 4K bytes of
Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel is a powerful
microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and costeffective
solution to many embedded control applications. By
using this controller the data inputs from the smart card is
passed to the Parallel Port of the pc and accordingly the
software responds. The IDE for writing the embedded program used
is KEI L software
FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89C52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines,
three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with
static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents
but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until
the next hardware reset.
STEPPER MOTOR
The stepper tutorial deals with the basic final stage drive circuitry for stepping motors. This circuitry is centered on a single issue, switching the current in each motor winding on and off, and controlling its direction. The circuitry discussed in this section is connected directly to the motor windings and the motor power supply, and this circuitry is controlled by a digital system that determines when the switches are turned on or off. This section covers all types of motors, from the elementary circuitry needed to control a variable reluctance motor, to the H-bridge circuitry needed to control a bipolar permanent magnet motor. Each class of drive circuit is illustrated with practical examples, but these examples are not intended as an exhaustive catalog of the commercially available control circuits, nor is the information given here intended to substitute for the information found on the manufacturer's component data sheets for the parts mentioned.