22-07-2014, 02:46 PM
Advanced Technology of Automatic Speed Braking System using RF Controllers
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Abstract
This paper shows that mostly in school areas speed breakers are provided in order to reduce the speed of vehicles. Actually the speed of the vehicles should be controlled by driver itself. Instead of that by using Automatic Speed Braking system with the help of RF Receiver we can reduce the speed of vehicles.
Here RF Receiver is installed inside the vehicles itself & it automatically reduces the speed when
It enters into the RF Communicated area. It generates an alarm to the driver that indicates to reduce the speed of the vehicles. Here a Digital code is used generates by RF Transmitter Kept where the speed breakers is installed. It is Very simple & easy method to control the speed
Of the vehicles using RF in Indian road scenario.
Introduction
We can reduce the speed of the vehicles autoMatically by using RF Communication system
In this process RF Receiver is installed in the Vehicles itself & it generates an alarm to the
Driver to reduce the speed of the speed of the Vehicle when it enters into theRF Communicate
Ted area. Here a digital code is transmitted by the RF Transmitter & this code is decoded by the
Receiver in the vehicle & it tells the driver with the help of voice interaction circuit that it will
Automatically slow down & then it controls the Activity of PWM in order to bring down .
Over & Rash driving the vehicle will leads to Accidents. So our main motto in this paper is
To prevent over speeding & to put an end to rash Driving.
Here we are using Zigbee is of IEEE 802.15.4 & It is designed for wireless controls and sensors.
Here we are using Atmel 89C51 it is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4k bytes of flash programmable EROM. It is manufactured using Atmel high density non-volatile memory technology & it is compatible with the industry Standard MCS-51 instruction set.Atmel 89C51 Is a powerful microcomputer which provides high flexible& cost effective solution to many Embedded applications.
SYSTEM MODEL
3.1.1 Zone status transmitting unit
This unit is fixed in sign boards at different locations. This gives the zone
information. There are various zone information like
? School zone.
? ‘U’ turn zone.
? High way zone.
? So on.
Speed of the vehicle is controlled automatically according to the zone where the
vehicle is located. Signal is transmitted from sign board at a frequency range of
433.92 MHz
3.1.2 Vehicle speed control and monitoring unit
This unit is fixed in any vehicle. This unit receives the signal transmitted from
the zone status transmitting unit. This unit consists of various blocks as mentioned
below
• Receiver unit
• Transmitter unit
• Micro controller unit
• Display unit (LCD)
• Annunciate buzzer
• Motor unit
• Speed control valv
SOFTWARE & HARDWARE MODULE
4.1.1 RF Module (Radio Frequency)
Radio Frequency, any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum
associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna,
an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space. Many
wireless technologies are based on RF field propagation.
(A) RECEIVER MODULE (B) TRANSMITTER MODULE
ATMEL AT89C51 Microcontroller
The AT89C51 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard 8051 instruction set and pinout. The onchip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using a nonvolatile memory programmer such as the PG302 (with the ADT87 adapter).By combining an industry standard 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip.
PIN DESCRIPTION
Port 0
Port 0 is dual-function in that it in some designs port 0’s I/O lines are available to
the developer to access external devices while in other designs it is used to access
external memory. If the circuit requires external RAM or ROM, the microcontroller will
automatically use port 0 to clock in/out the 8-bit data word as well as the low 8 bits of the
address in response to a MOVX instruction and port 0 I/O lines may be used for other
functions as long as external RAM isn’t being accessed at the same time. If the circuit
requires external code memory, the microcontroller will automatically use the port 0 I/O
lines to access each instruction that is to be executed.
In this case, port 0 cannot be utilized for other purposes since the state of the I/O
lines are constantly being modified to access external code memory. Note that there are
no pull-up resistors on port 0, so it may be necessary to include your own pull-up
resistors depending on the characteristics of the parts you will be driving via port 0.
[b]Port 1
Port 1 consists of 8 I/O lines that you may use exclusively to interface to external
parts. Unlike port 0, typical derivatives do not use port 1 for any functions themselves.
Port 1 is commonly used to interface to external hardware such as LCDs, keypads, and
other devices. With 8052 derivatives, two bits of port 1 are optionally used as described
for extended timer 2 functions. These two lines are not assigned these special functions
on 8051ís since 8051ís don’t have a timer 2. Further, these lines can still be used for your
own purposes if you don’t need these features of timer 2.
P1.0 (T2): If T2CON.1 is set (C/T2), then timer 2 will be incremented whenever
there is a 1-0 transition on this line. With C/T2 set, P1.0 is the clock source for timer 2.
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P1.1 (T2EX): If timer 2 is in auto-reload mode and T2CON.3 (EXEN2) is set, a 1-0
transition on this line will cause timer 2 to be reloaded with the auto-reload value. This
will also cause the T2CON.6 (EXF2) external flag to be set, which may cause an
interrupt if so enabled
RESET LINE (RST)
Pin 9 is the master reset line for the microcontroller. When this pin is brought
high for two instruction cycles, the microcontroller is effectively reset. SFRs, including
the I/O ports, are restored to their default conditions and the program counter will be reset
to 0000h. Keep in mind that Internal RAM is not affected by a reset. The microcontroller
will begin executing code at 0000h when pin 9 returns to a low state.
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The reset line is often connected to a reset button/switch that the user may press
to reset the circuit. It is also common to connect the reset line to a watchdog IC or a
supervisor IC (such as MAX707). The latter is highly recommended for commercial and
professional designs since traditional resistor-capacitor networks attached to the reset
line, while often sufficient for students or hobbyists are not terribly reliable.
ADDRESS LATCH ENABLE (ALE)
The ALE at pin 30 is an output-only pin that is controlled entirely by the
microcontroller and allows the microcontroller to multiplex the low-byte of a memory
address and the 8-bit data itself on port 0. This is because, while the high-byte of the
memory address is sent on port 2, port 0 is used both to send the low byte of the memory
address and the data itself. This is accomplished by placing the low-byte of the address
on port 0, exerting ALE high to latch the low-byte of the address into a latch IC (such as
the 74HC573), and then placing the 8 data-bits on port 0. In this way the 8052 is able to
output a 16-bit address and an 8-bit data word with 16 I/O lines instead of 24.
The ALE line is used in this fashion both for accessing external RAM with MOVX
@DPTR as well as for accessing instructions in external code memory. When your
program is executed from external code memory, ALE will pulse at a rate of 1/6th that of
the oscillator frequency. Thus if the oscillator is operating at 11.0592 MHz, ALE will
pulse at a rate of 1,843,200 times per second. The only exception is when the MOVX
instruction is executed one ALE pulse is missed in lieu of a pulse on WR or RD.
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIREMENT
Keil Software is the leading vendor for 8/16-bit development tools (ranked at first
position in the 2004 Embedded Market Study of the Embedded Systems and EE Times
magazine). Keil Software is represented world-wide in more than 40 countries. Since the
market introduction in 1988, the Keil C51 Compiler is the de facto industry standard and
supports more than 500 current 8051 device variants. Now, Keil Software offers development
tools for ARM.
Keil Software makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers,
simulators, integrated environments, and evaluation boards for the 8051, 251, ARM, and
XC16x/C16x/ST10 microcontroller families.
Keil Software is pleased to announce simulation support for the Atmel AT91
ARM family of microcontrollers. The Keil μVision Debugger simulates the complete ARM
instruction-set as well as the on-chip peripherals for each device in the AT91 ARM/Thumb
microcontroller family. The integrated simulator provides complete peripheral simulation.
Other new features in the μVision Debugger include:
• An integrated Software Logic Analyzer that measures I/O signals as well as program
variables and helps developers create complex signal processing algorithms.
• An Execution Profiler that measures time spent in each function, source line, and
assembler instruction. Now developers can find exactly where programs spend the most
time.
"Using nothing more than the provided simulation support and debug scripts, developers can
create a high-fidelity simulation of their actual target hardware and environment. No extra
hardware or test equipment is required. The Logic Analyzer and Execution Profiler will help
developers when it comes time to develop and tune signaling algorithms." said Jon Ward,
President of Keil Software USA, Inc
CONCLUSION
A prototype model of controller is built on the speed mixing capability. Signals from
the sign board of various zones (school zone, highway zone, “U” turn zone etc) are
intelligently treated individually & generates input signals for driving actuators – car engine
and additional DC motor. They, in turn, jointly control the speed of vehicle wheels. This
design successfully utilizes a new idea of hybrid vehicle recently immerged in automotive
industry. The system does not require a physical braking subsystem which will reduce the
overall cost of a car.
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We have excluded geared two-wheelers from the scope of this project because it
complicates the control mechanism. At present, we do not have the resources available with
us to work with a geared vehicle. The second disadvantage can be nullified by using a paint
which is sensitive only to a particular type of radiation which emanates only from the twowheeler.
This can prevent any individual from painting his own set of lines on the road. This
idea too was left out from the final project idea due to cost constraints. A large company can
use this in its factory or B.E.S.T. can incorporate it in its buses