21-10-2016, 01:56 PM
An Accessible Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Contemporary Investigation
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Abstract – Over the past years, with tremendous
growth of mobile device and wireless networks the
arena of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) has attain
huge consideration of researchers and has become one
of the most vibrant and active field of research. MANET
is a Self-organized, energetically reconfigurable
wireless Ad hoc network which does not rely on any
fixed infrastructure. To keep the network connected
each node act as router as well as performing function
of source or destination node. Since the nodes are
mobile in MANETs and have some unique personality
such as limited battery power, tiny communication
range and high mobility. Therefore network faces many
challenges. Among of several an energy aware routing
is one of the most important issues in MANET. However,
a number of approaches have been proposed by
number of researchers to trim down such issues in
MANETs environment but each and every approach has
its own limitation and not suitable for every
circumstances. This paper presents the state of affairs
on energy efficient routing approaches for MANETs
with their merits & shortcomings, which can be used for
further enhancement of existing protocol or
development of new efficient and more reliable
protocols for most of the applications in MANET.
INTRODUCTION
With the recent advancement of wireless communication
arena the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are among
the most popularly studied network communication
technologies. MANETs is a dynamically self-organized,
infrastructure less network where mobile devices are
associated by wireless links and travels at dissimilar speed
and directions without any restraint [1-4]. Each and every
node of the network behaves like a router with performing
the functionality of source as well as destination node. The
nodes are consist with the limited communication range therefore only the nodes which are comes in the
communication range of each other can communicate
directly else the source node use the multipath
communication where it passes the information by using
several of intermediate nodes. The Figure 1 shows a
mobile ad hoc network of 10 & 20 nodes.
MANETs are widely used in the area where fixed and
traditional network establishment are not feasible. Nodes
within such ad-hoc network generally rely on batteries
power for performing the action of receiving / sending
packets and to reconnect the path by using new pathway
cause to trim down the network life time. Additionally the
high mobility of nodes amends the network topology
frequently [5-7]. However, a number of approaches have
been presented and a lot of works are going on in
direction to trim down such issues of efficient routing in
MANETs but still the field face problem. No one single
routing algorithm is efficient to work in all atmospheres of
MANETs. Among of several efficient powers aware routing
is the main and current hot topic of research in the field of
MANET which can extend life time and connectivity of
such network [8].
This paper present up to date investigation on current
energy efficient routing approaches in MANETs and is
organized as follows. The mechanisms of routing and
routing protocols of MANETs are elaborate in section 2. A
number of accessible energy efficient routing approaches
have been presented in section 3 and modern issues are
present in section 4. Finally section 5 concludes the paper.
AVAILABLE ENERGY PROFICIENT ROUTING
PROTOCOLS FOR MANET
A good number of approaches have been presented by the
different authors to trim down the energy consumption
issues in the environment of MANETs. A two phase energy
stable routing algorithm Q-PAR [12] has been presented
by the author for satisfying energy stability and bandwidth
constraint. The proposed approach discovers the finest
route in its first phase by applying DSR route discovery
mechanism. After establishment route nodes start the
communication and whenever an event of route breakage
occur in the network the second phase of the proposed
algorithm start the maintenance by searching next energy
stable path. However the approach enhances the QOS of
the network but in high mobile network connections are
break frequently and each and every time searching the
alternate path required more energy of host. Therefore
approach is not feasible for the environment of MANETs.
In same context another author has present a novel
routing algorithm EEAODR [13]. The proposed approach
selects the best path for packet transmission on the base
of nodes energy levels. In proposed algorithm, if the path
has one node with low energy level, the optimizer function
will not choose it. If time is low, the route will be shorter
and less energy will be consumed. but some nodes may die
too quickly. Therefore optimizer function should do a
tradeoff between time and network/node lifetime. In this
protocol when the destination receives first RREQ, waits
for a while and collects all the subsequent RREQs. After
this time, the destination uses the optimizer function to
choose the best path and inserts it in the RREP packet. The
destination also chooses some backup routes to avoid
wasting energy and time for re-calculation of paths.
A novel Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR)
algorithm has been proposed in [14] for reducing the
nodes energy utilization. The proposed approach control
the overhead packet generation by restrictive the
searching area of next route. The approach produce
significant result in comparison of other existing
approaches such as AODV, LAR and DSR routing protocols
but same as previous approaches the algorithm use the
source routing strategy which can be improved.
To enhance the energy level a Load Aware Routing
Protocol (ELB-MRP) [15] present by authors. The
approach uses collision window size and queue size to
calculate load at the node and its single hop neighboring
nodes. Each node except source and destination, collects information about the collision window size (ACW), power
factor (EF) and queue factor (QF) for itself and its single
hop neighbors. To discover Paths, intermediate nodes add
their traffic and energy information to the RREQ packets.
Hello packets also collect information about ACW, EF and
QF values. Using the neighbor information obtained from
hello packets, intermediate nodes calculates the
cumulative cost using relation and adds it to the RREQ
packet. If a node i, has neighbors j and k, the cumulative
cost of CC(i) is obtained using the relation. When the first
RREQ reaches the destination, destination waits for more
RREQs. Then destination, selects two paths with least cost
as primary and backup path.
To improve the reliability of the discovered path with
taking into account both signal strength and remaining
energy of nodes a novel reliable energy and signal
strength aware routing protocol (SEA-DSR) [16] presents
by researchers. The approach enhance the network life
time by shrinking the link failure, route discovery and
routing control overhead issues. To achieve aim the
approach attach a extra field called trust count
(RELCOUNT) to the RREQ packet header of DSR protocol.
After receiving first RREQ packet, the destination sets a
timer and stores all RREQ in its route cache. After the
timer, chooses the path with high reliability factor and
sends a RREP packet for that. Reliability factor for the path
is calculated using relation. In same context by shrinking
broadcasting power of beacon messages an adaptive
topology control protocol has been present in [17]. The
approach has consent to each node to decide whether to
support energy-efficient routing to conserve its own
energy. It employs the information partially received from
nearby nodes to confine the broadcasting radiuses of
subsequent beacons. Every time interval each node
broadcasts a beacon at a certain radius to nearby nodes.
This protocol can significantly decrease the total energy
consumption for successfully transmitted data, and the
lifetimes of nodes, especially in high mobility
environments.
To achieve energy conservation in heterogeneous mobile
ad hoc networks authors has present a new scheme
device-energy-load aware relaying framework DELAR
[18]. The proposed algorithm exploits device
heterogeneity and the features of cross-layer protocol
design methodology. They show that DELAR can
significantly reduce the energy consumption and thus
prolong the network lifetime even with just a few P-nodes
placed in the network. There various energy conservation
techniques such as power saving modes. Transmission
power control and power aware routing can be integrated
to jointly achieve better energy conservation. More
importantly, in this the framework provides a platform to
address other challenging issues such as quality of service
provisioning and security support as well.
A new approach ETARP [19] has been proposed in
direction to reduce overheads. The proposed approach has
been designed with energy management capabilities that
consider variations in the availability of the environmental
energy. The approach can adjust the duty cycle of each
node adaptively in order to exploit the available energy
resources efficiently in comparison to other opportunistic
routing protocols. But geographical information is
required, which make it unsuitable for an each
environment of MANETs.
The paper [20] has discussed the issues of single routing
protocol inefficiency to satisfy all requirements. i.e., one
routing protocol cannot be a solution for all energy
efficient protocol that designed to provide the maximum
possible requirements, according to certain required
scenarios. Additionally the paper has presents the
implementation of Adaptive HELLO messaging scheme to
determine the local link connectivity information for
monitoring the link status between nodes along with the
incorporation of Dynamic On Demand Routing Protocol to
reduce the energy consumption of mobile nodes to certain
extent. RAODV [21] routing approach has proposed to
achieve energy efficiency, flexible scalability, adaptability
and good network performance. The proposed approach
makes a endeavor to improve Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR).
However approach enhance the performance in some
situations but overall due to huge like failure approach
have not present any significant results in comparisons of
other existing algorithms.
A novel energy aware and Adaptive Cross Layer Routing
Protocol, EACLRP [22] has presents to prolonging the
network lifetime and to efficiently route the packets across
the network. It makes use of cross layering approach to
improve network parameters such as throughput, packet
delivery ratio and end-to-end delay of the network. In
same context a Ant Colony Optimization based method is
used in [23] to find good paths which will consume less
energy and less hop count. The efficiency of the proposed
protocol is more with respect to the AntHocNet. The
protocol is tested and compared under different time
intervals.
The researchers enhanced the routing mechanism of
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol by proposing a
new approach O-DSR [24]. The aim behind the proposed
enhancement is to find the best route in acceptable time
limit without having broadcast storm. Moreover, O-DSR
enables network not only to overcome congestion but also
maximize the lifetime of mobile nodes. Some simulations
results show that the Route Request (RREQ) and the
Control Packet Overhead decrease by 15% when O-DSR is
used, consequently. Also the global energy consumption in
O-DSR is lower until to 60 % , which leads to a long
lifetime of the network.
The papers [25-28] has presents the numerous accessible
energy aware routing approaches with the merits and
demerits. However the proposed approaches enhance the
network lifetime and trim down the energy consumption
ratio of network but each and every routing algorithm has
face its own limitation. Several to issues still are associated
with the current routing algorithms present in the next
section.
4. ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH ON-HAND
ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Over the past years a good number of routing approaches
have been proposed by authors in order to overcome the
problem of discovering and maintaining the efficient and
effective route for the data transmission over wireless
network but still there is scope of modernization in the
direction to condense energy consumption. However, a
good number of approaches has propose more efficient
routing mechanism and achieve the improve results in
comparisons of traditional approaches but still not a single
algorithm is efficient to work in each and every scenario of
MANETs and face several of issues in finding and
maintaining correct routes. Additionally they consume
more energy in different network scenario except to
scenario in which they trained. Number of approaches
uses a reserved path concept which indirectly increases
the issues of network overheads. The associated issues of
current routing mechanisms can be present as
The current accessible routing approaches behave
differently in diverse scenario of MANETs which
presents the non flexibilities of proposed algorithms.
They are effective only in the scenario which is builds
with the small amount of host or with a limited area.
Most of the approach maintain backbone/ reserved
pathway cause to enhance overheads and energy of
host.
Use flooding process and are source initiated to
establish a pathway cause to consume huge energy.
Low scalability, where network can go from scarce to
dense in a very short time.
They consume huge bandwidth and generates high
end to end delays.
The above inadequacies of current on-hand routing
algorithms evidently present their ineffectiveness in the
environment of MANETs and motivates to researchers to
design a more competent routing mechanism because
energy is always vital resource for wireless networks.
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK
Over the past years MANETs has attains huge growth of
researchers to design an efficient routing mechanism for
high dynamic environment. Since the age of network
power aware routing mechanism is a hot and challenging
topic of research. This paper presents a modern
investigation on the accessible energy efficient routing
mechanisms for the environment of MANETs. However, a
number of power aware routing approaches have been
proposed for MANETs but still no one single algorithm
satisfy all requirements in each and every situation of such
network. Different approaches work in a different way
according to the assumptions and employs mechanisms.
Therefore the approaches have different strengths and
drawbacks.
These inadequacies of on hand routing mechanism
motivates us to makes an endeavor in future to design a
new procedure that reduces the energy consumption and
increases the energy utilization of nodes in network.