27-02-2013, 10:15 AM
AquaFuel, An Example Of The Emerging New Energies And The New Methods For Their Scientic Study
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Abstract
In this paper we initiate systematic studies on the novel methods
needed for quantitative scientic studies of the emerging new forms
of energy, by using as a representative example the new combustible
gas called AquaFuel, discovered and patented by William H. Richardson,
jr., whose rights are now owned by Toups Technology Licensing,
Inc. (TTL), of Largo, Florida. In essence, AquaFuel is a new energy
converter capable of transforming Carbon and water into a new combustible
gas via the use of a suitable electric discharge. We show that
AquaFuel can be produced easily, safely and rapidly in large amounts,
has novel physical and chemical characteristics, and exhibits greatly
reduced emission pollutants as compared to fuels currently used. We
then review nine basic experimental measures currently under study
by TTL which are necessary for a scientic appraisal of AquaFuel. We
outline the limitations of quantum mechanics and chemistry for the
treatment of new forms of energies, namely, energies which by denition
should be beyond said theories.
The Basic Process Underlying AquaFuel
AquaFuel is a new combustible gas discovered and developed by William
H. Richardson, jr, which is covered by the patents listed in Refs. [1]. Its
rights are now owned by Toups Technology Licensing, Inc. (TTL), a U. S.
corporation in Largo, Florida, which is continuing its development. Starting
from the three basic elements of nature, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon,
AquaFuel is produced during an electric discharge across an arc between
carbon electrodes immersed in distilled, fresh or salt water.
The patented process is basically dierent from electrolysis. In fact,
in electrolysis, water must be complemented with electrolyte to carry the
charges from the negative to the positive poles of the power source. In
AquaFuel charges are instead stimulated by a sucient voltage dierence.
In the latter case, no addition of electrolyte chemicals is needed to create a
conducting path. As we shall see, this property of AquaFuel is important to
minimize pollutants in the various applications.
According to currently available scientic knowledge, the main process
underlying AquaFuel is constituted by Carbon atoms breaking loose under
discharge from the carbon electrodes and forming particular bonds with the
water constituents, Oxygen and Hydrogen. The resulting new molecules cool
as they bubble up to the water's surface where they are collected and stored
for various usages. The resulting combustible gas is called AquaFuel.
2 Description of Equipment
As in Figure 1, a one-gallon shbowl is three-quarters lled with distilled,
tap or salt water. Copper tubing conducts 24 volts continuous current (DC)
to the tips of two 0.25 diameter Carbon rods composed of 99% pure graphite,
which are immersed in said water, one of whose tips is extended into a large
diameter Carbon block.
The electric arc tunnels thru the water from the tip of the Carbon rod
to the large Carbon block. The AquaFuel gas cools while bubbling to the
water's surface where it is collected with an inverted funnel.
The electric arc produces a local temperature of the order of 5,000 F.
The process dissociates the water molecules by forming a local high temperature
plasma composed of generally ionized atoms of Carbon.
Description of AquaFuel
The actual structure of AquaFuel as well as its main physical and chemical
characteristics are still essentially unknown at this writing on scientic
grounds because the needed experimental measures are still in progress (see
Sect. 5).
The various studies completed until now have identied the following
main characteristics:
1) AquaFuel is lighter than air, because it continues to rise in atmosphere;
2) AquaFuel does not self{combust because of its low content of Oxygen
(estimated at about 1% );
3) AquaFuel is expected to be composed of H2, CO, Oxygen and a number
of hydrocarbons;
4) AquaFuel can run existing internal combustion (IC) engines with minor
modications in the carburetor;
5) AquaFuel has an astonishingly low pollutant content in its exhaust
when compared to other fuels, such as gasoline, methane, coal, etc.
Available Measurements
Some of the most impressive aspects of AquaFuel are the simplicity, safety
and rapidity of its production. As an indication, preliminary measures under
verication indicate that the use of 36 V in the arc permits the production
in one minute of 30 liters of AquaFuel at ordinary pressure. The same
production increases exponentially with voltage, thus permitting the rapid
production of AquaFuel anywhere needed.
Ongoing Experimental Measures
The most important experimental measures on AquaFuel of current primary
interest to TTL are listed below. Suggestions and/or participations by interested
colleagues would be appreciated.
1) Measure the energy content of AquaFuel per unit volume in BTU or
other units. It should be indicated that a number of measures of BTU via
conventional means have failed to provide any scientic answer for various
reasons. As an example, readings of BTU compared to methane were inconclusive
because the former burns with about half of the air (Oxygen)
requirement of the latter, thus voiding the scientic value of any measure
without due thermodynamical consideration of the dierent air intakes. Similar
unsettled results occurred with other measures. Innovative means for the
needed measures are therefore under study.
2) Measure the individual isotopes in AquaFuel originating from distilled
water. These measures are requested for AquaFuel produced from distilled
water and 99% pure graphite so that the initial ingredients are known. The
measures should then identify both the atomic number A (total numbers
of protons and neutrons) as well as the nuclear charge Z (total number of
protons) for each constituent of AquaFuel.