18-05-2012, 04:18 PM
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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DEFINITIONS
The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) was first used by John McCarthy who considers it to mean "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines" [1]. It can also refer to intelligence (trait) as exhibited by an artificial (non-natural, manufactured) entity. The terms strong and weak AI can be used to narrow the definition for classifying such systems. AI is studied in overlapping fields of computer science, psychology and engineering, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines, generally assumed to be computers.
2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent.
The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times, and today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality.
Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chessplayer, and countless other feats never before possible. Find out how the military is applying AI logic to its hi-tech systems, and how in the near future Artificial Intelligence may impact our lives.
CONTENTS:
• History
• AI in Philosophy
• AI in business
History
The field of artificial intelligence truely dawned in the 1950's, since then there have been many achievements in the History of artificial intelligence, some of the more notable moments include;
1950: Alan Turing introduces the Turing test to test of a machine's capability to perform human-like conversation.
1951: The first working AI programs were written to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester,written by Dietrich Prinz.
1958: John McCarthy invented the Lisp programming language.
1965: Joseph Weizenbaum built ELIZA (program), an interactive program that carries on
a dialogue in English language on any topic.
1972: The Prolog programming language was developed by Alain Colmerauer.
1999: Sony introduces the AIBO, and Artificially intelligent pet.
During the 1990s and 2000s AI has become very influenced by probability theory and statistics.
Game theory applied to AI decision making.
After 2000
Many Researches going on to improve existing system.They mainly focused on Robuts
Robuts are learning for existing data.
AI in Philosophymind and brain portal)
The strong AI vs. weak AI debate ("can a man-made artifact be conscious?") is still a hot topic amongst AI philosophers. This involves philosophy of mind and the mind-body problem.
A true consciousness cannot be achieved by formal logic systems.
Epistemology, the study of knowledge, also makes contact with AI, as engineers find themselves debating similar questions to philosophers about how best to represent and use knowledge and information. (e.g. semantic networks).
(semantic means : relating )
AI in business
Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading
A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and to provide medical information. Many practical applications are dependent on artificial neural networks ; networks that pattern their organization in mimicry of a brain's neurons, which have been found to excel in pattern recognition.
Financial institutions have long used such systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation.
Neural networks are also being widely deployed in homeland security, speech and text recognition, medical diagnosis (such as in Concept Processing technology in EMR software), data mining, and e-mail spam filtering.
Robots have become common in many industries. They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration, and other jobs which humans may find degrading.
General Motors uses around 16,000 robots for tasks such as painting, welding, and assembly.
Japan is the leader in using robots in the world. In 1995, 700,000 robots were in use worldwide; over 500,000 of which were from Japan (Encarta, 2006).
Applications
• Pattern recognition
o Optical character recognition
o Handwriting recognition
o Speech recognition
o Face recognition
• Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing
• Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)
• Game theory and Strategic planning
• Game artificial intelligence and Computer game bot
• Natural language processing, Translation and Chatterbots
• Non-linear control and Robotics
Other fields in which AI methods are implemented
• Artificial life
• Automated reasoning
• Automation
• Behavior-based robotics
• Biologically-inspired computing
• Cognitive robotics
• Colloquis
• Concept mining
• Cybernetics
Data mining
• Developmental robotics
• Epigenetic robotics
• E-mail spam filtering
• Evolutionary robotics
• Hybrid intelligent system
• Intelligent agent
• Intelligent control
• Knowledge representation
Branches of AI
Search
AI programs often examine large numbers of possibilities, e.g. moves in a chess game or inferences by a theorem proving program. Discoveries are continually made about how to do this more efficiently in various domains.
Representation
Facts about the world have to be represented in some way. Usually languages of mathematical logic are used.
. Common sense knowledge and reasoning
This is the area in which AI is farthest from human-level, in spite of the fact that it has been an active research area since the 1950s.
Learning from Experience
Programs do that. The approaches to AI based on connectionism and neural nets specialize in that. There is also learning of laws expressed in logic.
Programs can only learn what facts or behaviors their formalisms can represent, and unfortunately learning systems are almost all based on very limited abilities to represent information.
Planning
Planning programs start with general facts about the world (especially facts about the effects of actions), facts about the particular situation and a statement of a goal. From these, they generate a strategy for achieving the goal. In the most common cases, the strategy is just a sequence of actions.
Heuristics
A heuristic is a way of trying to discover something or an idea imbedded in a program. The term is used variously in AI.
Heuristic functions are used in some approaches to search to measure how far a node in a search tree seems to be from a goal.
Heuristic predicates that compare two nodes in a search tree to see if one is better than the other, i.e. constitutes an advance toward the goal, may be more useful.
Genetic programming
Genetic programming is a technique for getting programs to solve a task by mating random Lisp programs and selecting fittest in millions of generations.