01-09-2012, 03:52 PM
Automatic power meter reading system using GSM
Automatic power.doc (Size: 8.39 MB / Downloads: 406)
INTRODUCTION
It is a known fact that the number of Electricity consumers increases Day- by- day. It became challenging in both Generating and Maintaining the power as per the growing requirements, maintaining the power is also an important task as generating the power. Presently, the human operator goes to the consumer’s house and produces the bill as per the meter reading. If the consumer is not available, the billing process will be pending and human operator again needs to revisit the pending houses. [2]Going to each and every consumer’s house and generating the bill is a laborious Task and requires lot of time. It becomes very difficult especially in rainy season. If any consumer did not pay the bill, the operator needs to go to their houses to disconnect the power supply. These processes are repetitive and take so much time. More over, Human operator cannot find the Un-Authorized connections or malpractices carried out by the consumer to reduce or stop the meter reading. The present design will provide a complete solution for all these issues and reduces the manual effort to a great extent [1].
Literature survey:
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous values of voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these values to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 Amps of load, current transformers are used, So that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors.
Electronic Energy meter:
Remote meter reading is a practical example of telemetry. It saves the cost of a human meter reader and the resulting mistakes, but it also allows more measurements, and remote provisioning. Many smart meters now include a switch to interrupt or restore service.
In an Electronic Energy meters interface, KYZ wires are interfaced such that the Y and Z wires are switch contacts, shorted to K for half of a rotor's circumference. To measure the rotor direction, the Z signal is offset by 90° from the Y. When the rotor rotates in the opposite direction, showing export of power, the sequence reverses. The time between pulses measures the demand. The number of pulses is total power usage.KYZ outputs were historically attached to "tantalizer relays" feeding a "totalizes" so that many meters could be read all at once in one place.KYZ outputs are also the classic way of attaching electric meters to programmable logic controllers, HVACs or other control systems. Some modern meters also supply a contact closure that warns when the meter detects a demand near a higher tariff.
Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is very secure and is used in headsets and cell phones everywhere. It is a short range communication technology, intended to replace cables connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. Bluetooth is relatively very inexpensive, but due to its frequency hopping technology, does not have the battery life of a Zigbee device. Also, Bluetooth doesn’t scale well and is typically limited to networks of eight devices or less, whereas Zigbee network can contain thousands of devices [2].
Unlike infrared, Bluetooth does not require line-of-sight positioning of connected units. The technology uses modifications of existing wireless LAN techniques but is most notable for its small size and low cost. Whenever any Bluetooth-enabled devices come within range of each other, they instantly transfer address information and establish small networks between each other, without the user being involved [2].
Infrared:
Infrared is a short range, high speed communication that is in existence over a decade now. Every home appliance contains an infrared commander. It is this technology that Zigbee has set out to replace. Infrared devices are point to point control devices and they are not interchangeable with similar devices having same function. They are mostly proprietary. Infrared has a set of protocols covering all layers of data transfer and, in addition, has some network management and interoperability designs.
Z -Wave:
Z-wave is a proprietary short range low data rate wireless technology, owned by Zensys Inc. Z-Wave transforms any stand-alone device into an intelligent networked device that can be controlled and monitored wirelessly. Z-Wave delivers high quality networking by focusing on narrow bandwidth applications and substituting costly hardware with innovative software solutions. The provider has aligned with over a hundred other companies to provide building automation services. Z-Wave is aimed specifically at the home automation space, and whiles not a standard (Zensys is the only manufacturer of Z-Wave), it is used by some of the large home automation manufacturers, including Danfoss, Leviton, and Universal Electronics [2].
Wi-Fi belongs to the short-range wireless technology which is used in offices and buildings. This technology is based on the IEEE 802.11 of wireless communications technology. It can work in the bandwidth near the 2.4 GHz which do not need any permission for use. Its currently communications standards is 802.11n, etc. and the world wildly used in them is IEEE 802.11b. Its max communication rate can reach 11Mb/s, spreading needless line of sight. If RF is attenuation, it can decrease the speed dynamically to 5.5Mb/s, 2Mb/s and 1Mb/s. the transmission radius can reach 300m outdoor and 100m indoor. IEEE 802.11b can provide the credible data transmission and reasonable network bandwidth by using the protocol and the packet acknowledgement liking Ethernet. IEEE 802.11b use CCK (Complementary Code Keying) which is basing on DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum).
Block Diagram Description:
A Single phase 230V AC power supply is the main input to the unit. It is applied to the energy meter board which is converted into 12V AC by using step-down transformer. This voltage is converted into DC by passing through the bridge rectifier and filter circuits. This voltage is applied to the Voltage Regulators to get the 5V DC and 3.3V DC which is applied to microcontroller and various other components on the board. Single phase supply is given to the ADE7757 IC. It will produce the pulses based on the clock. The clock is supplied by the crystal oscillator of frequency of 450 kHz. To apply the pure 230V AC supply to the load, capacitive filter is used to reduce the DC deviations. The Controller, Zigbee and the EPROM use the 3.3V Supply. The LCD uses the 5V supply. The Relay is supplied with the 230V AC voltage.
The controller keeps on monitoring the Energy meter values and stores them in the EPROM periodically and sends to EB Office by Zigbee module these values will be displayed in the LCD Display. If they exceed the predefined values in the controller, The controller will forces the relay to off which will breaks the supply path to the load as it receives the command through the Zigbee module from EB Office. This will happens when the user fails to pay the bill in time.
Automatic power.doc (Size: 8.39 MB / Downloads: 406)
INTRODUCTION
It is a known fact that the number of Electricity consumers increases Day- by- day. It became challenging in both Generating and Maintaining the power as per the growing requirements, maintaining the power is also an important task as generating the power. Presently, the human operator goes to the consumer’s house and produces the bill as per the meter reading. If the consumer is not available, the billing process will be pending and human operator again needs to revisit the pending houses. [2]Going to each and every consumer’s house and generating the bill is a laborious Task and requires lot of time. It becomes very difficult especially in rainy season. If any consumer did not pay the bill, the operator needs to go to their houses to disconnect the power supply. These processes are repetitive and take so much time. More over, Human operator cannot find the Un-Authorized connections or malpractices carried out by the consumer to reduce or stop the meter reading. The present design will provide a complete solution for all these issues and reduces the manual effort to a great extent [1].
Literature survey:
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous values of voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these values to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 Amps of load, current transformers are used, So that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors.
Electronic Energy meter:
Remote meter reading is a practical example of telemetry. It saves the cost of a human meter reader and the resulting mistakes, but it also allows more measurements, and remote provisioning. Many smart meters now include a switch to interrupt or restore service.
In an Electronic Energy meters interface, KYZ wires are interfaced such that the Y and Z wires are switch contacts, shorted to K for half of a rotor's circumference. To measure the rotor direction, the Z signal is offset by 90° from the Y. When the rotor rotates in the opposite direction, showing export of power, the sequence reverses. The time between pulses measures the demand. The number of pulses is total power usage.KYZ outputs were historically attached to "tantalizer relays" feeding a "totalizes" so that many meters could be read all at once in one place.KYZ outputs are also the classic way of attaching electric meters to programmable logic controllers, HVACs or other control systems. Some modern meters also supply a contact closure that warns when the meter detects a demand near a higher tariff.
Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is very secure and is used in headsets and cell phones everywhere. It is a short range communication technology, intended to replace cables connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. Bluetooth is relatively very inexpensive, but due to its frequency hopping technology, does not have the battery life of a Zigbee device. Also, Bluetooth doesn’t scale well and is typically limited to networks of eight devices or less, whereas Zigbee network can contain thousands of devices [2].
Unlike infrared, Bluetooth does not require line-of-sight positioning of connected units. The technology uses modifications of existing wireless LAN techniques but is most notable for its small size and low cost. Whenever any Bluetooth-enabled devices come within range of each other, they instantly transfer address information and establish small networks between each other, without the user being involved [2].
Infrared:
Infrared is a short range, high speed communication that is in existence over a decade now. Every home appliance contains an infrared commander. It is this technology that Zigbee has set out to replace. Infrared devices are point to point control devices and they are not interchangeable with similar devices having same function. They are mostly proprietary. Infrared has a set of protocols covering all layers of data transfer and, in addition, has some network management and interoperability designs.
Z -Wave:
Z-wave is a proprietary short range low data rate wireless technology, owned by Zensys Inc. Z-Wave transforms any stand-alone device into an intelligent networked device that can be controlled and monitored wirelessly. Z-Wave delivers high quality networking by focusing on narrow bandwidth applications and substituting costly hardware with innovative software solutions. The provider has aligned with over a hundred other companies to provide building automation services. Z-Wave is aimed specifically at the home automation space, and whiles not a standard (Zensys is the only manufacturer of Z-Wave), it is used by some of the large home automation manufacturers, including Danfoss, Leviton, and Universal Electronics [2].
Wi-Fi belongs to the short-range wireless technology which is used in offices and buildings. This technology is based on the IEEE 802.11 of wireless communications technology. It can work in the bandwidth near the 2.4 GHz which do not need any permission for use. Its currently communications standards is 802.11n, etc. and the world wildly used in them is IEEE 802.11b. Its max communication rate can reach 11Mb/s, spreading needless line of sight. If RF is attenuation, it can decrease the speed dynamically to 5.5Mb/s, 2Mb/s and 1Mb/s. the transmission radius can reach 300m outdoor and 100m indoor. IEEE 802.11b can provide the credible data transmission and reasonable network bandwidth by using the protocol and the packet acknowledgement liking Ethernet. IEEE 802.11b use CCK (Complementary Code Keying) which is basing on DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum).
Block Diagram Description:
A Single phase 230V AC power supply is the main input to the unit. It is applied to the energy meter board which is converted into 12V AC by using step-down transformer. This voltage is converted into DC by passing through the bridge rectifier and filter circuits. This voltage is applied to the Voltage Regulators to get the 5V DC and 3.3V DC which is applied to microcontroller and various other components on the board. Single phase supply is given to the ADE7757 IC. It will produce the pulses based on the clock. The clock is supplied by the crystal oscillator of frequency of 450 kHz. To apply the pure 230V AC supply to the load, capacitive filter is used to reduce the DC deviations. The Controller, Zigbee and the EPROM use the 3.3V Supply. The LCD uses the 5V supply. The Relay is supplied with the 230V AC voltage.
The controller keeps on monitoring the Energy meter values and stores them in the EPROM periodically and sends to EB Office by Zigbee module these values will be displayed in the LCD Display. If they exceed the predefined values in the controller, The controller will forces the relay to off which will breaks the supply path to the load as it receives the command through the Zigbee module from EB Office. This will happens when the user fails to pay the bill in time.