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ABSTRACT
Rapid advances in bioinformatics are providing new hopes to patients
of life threatening diseases. Gene chips will be able to screen heart attack
and diabetics years before patients develop symptoms. In near future,
patients will go to a doctor’s clinic with lab- on- a- chip devices. The device
will inform the doctor in real time if the patient’s ailment will respond to a
drug based on his DNA. These will help doctors diagnose life-threatening
illness faster, eliminating expensive, time-consuming ordeals like biopsies
and sigmoidoscopies. Gene chips reclassify diseases based on their
underlying molecular signals, rather than misleading surface symptoms. The
chip would also confirm the patient’s identity and even establish paternity.
INTRODUCTION
Bioinformatics is an inter disciplinary research area. It is a fusion of
computing, biotechnology and biological sciences. Bioinformatics is poised to one of the
most prodigious growth areas in the next to decades. Being the interface between the
most rapidly advancing fields of biological and computational sciences, it is immense in
scope and vast in applications.
Bioinformatics is the study of biological information as it passes from its
storage site in the genome to the various gene products in the cell. Bioinformatics
involves the creation and computational technologies for problems in molecular biology.
As such, it deals with methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such
as nuclei acid (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structures, functions, path ways and
interactions. The science of Bioinformatics, which is the melding of molecular biology
with computer science, is essential to the use of genomic information in understanding
human diseases and in the identification of new molecular targets of drug discovery. New
discoveries are being made in the field of genomics, an area of study which looks at the
DNA sequence of an organism in order to determine which genes code for beneficial
traits and which genes are involved in inherited diseases.
If you are not tall enough, the stature could be altered accordingly. If you are
weak and not strong enough, your physique could be improved. If you think this is the
script for a science fiction movie, you are mistaken. It is the future reality.
EVOLUTION OF BIOINFORMATICS
DNA is the genetic material of organism. It contains all the information needed
for the development and existence of an organism. The DNA molecule is formed of two
long polynucleotide chains which are spirally coiled on each other forming a double
helix. Thus it has the form of spirally twisted ladder. DNA is a molecule made from
sugar, phosphate and bases. The bases are guanine(G), cytosine©, adenine(A) and
thiamine(T).Adenine pairs only with Thiamine and Guanine pairs only with Cytosine.
The various combinations of these bases make up with DNA. That is; AAGCT, CCAGT,
TACGGT etc. An infinite number of combinations of these bases is possible. And then
the gene is a sequence of DNA that represents a fundamental unit of heredity. Human
genome consists of approximately 30,000 genes, containing approximately 3 billion base
pairs.
Currently, scientists are trying to determine the entire DNA sequence of various
living organisms. DNA sequence analysis could identify genes, regulatory sequences and
other functions. Molecular biology, algorithms, and computing have helped in
sequencing larger portions of genomics of several species. Sequence is the determination
of the order of nucleotides in a DNA as also the order of amino acids in a protein.
Sequence analysis, which is at the core of bioinformatics, enables function identification
of genes.
The human found in every cell of a human being consists of 23pairs of
chromosomes. These chromosomes constitute the 3 billion letters of chemical code that
specify the blue print for a human being. Human Genome Project, one of the best known
projects in the world. The world Human Genome Project, a vast endeavor aimed at
reading this entire DNA code will completely transform biology, medicine and
biotechnology. Using this entire code all 30,000 human genes will be identified; all 5000
inherited diseases will become diagnosable and potentially curable; and drug design will
be completely transformed. The Genome Project focuses on two main objective: mapping-pinpointing the genomic location of all genes and markers; and DNA
sequencing-reading the chemical "text" of all the genes and their intervening sequences.
DNA sequences are entered in to large data bases, where they can be compared with the
known genes, including inter-species comparisons. The explosion of publicly available
genomic information resulting from the Human Genome Project has precipitated the need
for bioinformatics capabilities.
Determination of genome organization and gene
regulation will promote the understanding of how humans develop from single cells to
adults, why this process some times goes wrong, and the changes that take place as
people age. Bioinformatics finds applications in medicine for recommending individually
tailored drugs based on an individual's profile. It helps to identify a specific genetic
sequence that is responsible for a particular disease, its associated protein, and protein
function. For curing the disease a new drugs can be developed
HUMAN ELECTRONICS
The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in the human cell. Within the nucleus
is the DNA responsible for providing the cell with its unique characteristics. The DNA is
similar in every cell of the body, but depending on the specific cell type; some genes may
be turned on or off-that is why a liver cell is different from a muscle cell, and a muscle
cell is different from a fat cell. About 99.9% of the sequence is identical between any two
people. But because the small percentage of DNA that differs can relate to an individual’s
disease. Scientists are comparing sequence using DNA chips from healthy people and
those from patients with a specific disease to help identify genetic targets for drug
discovery information about genetic variation can help to predict which patients are likely
to benefit from specific drugs
The most significant and the biggest application of DNA
chips is the use of DNA micro arrays for expression profiling. In expressions profiling
the chip controls how different parts of the genes turned on or off to create certain types
of cells. If the gene is expressed in one way, it may result in normal muscle, for instance.
If it is expressed in another way, it may result in a tumor. By comparing these different
expressions, researchers hope to discover ways to predict and perhaps to prevent diseases.
BIOINFORMATICS
Division of computer engineering,SOE CUSAT 5
Electronic circuit can be incorporated in the chip to detect various states of DNA.
DNA carries an electric charge. That charge can be read on the chip, just like cells on a
memory array. This DNA chip would like to diagnose life-threatening bacterial
infections.
In DNA the medium is a chain of two units (phosphate & ribose), and the most
easily recognizable message is provided by a sequence of letters (bases) attached to the
chain. The DNA has two sequences of letters wrapped in the form of a double helix. The
DNA has two sequences of letters wrapped around each other in the form of a double
helix. One is the complement of other, so that the sequence of one string (strand) can be
inferred from the sequence of other. The DNA sequence of bases encodes 20 amino
acids. Under instructions received from DNA, amino acids join together in the same
order as they are encoded in DNA to form proteins. Chains of amino acids, which fold in
complicated ways, play a major role in determining how we interact with the
environment.
Genomic information is revolutionizing life sciences. The quest for under
standing how genetic factors contribute to human disease is gathering speed. The 46
human chromosomes house almost three billion base pairs of DNA that contain 30,000 to
40,000 protein-coding genes. Using bioinformatics find out how genes contribute to
diseases that have a complex pattern of inheritance, such as diabetics, asthma, and mental
illness. No one gene can tell whether a person has a disease or not. A number of genes
may make a subtle contribution to a person's susceptibility to a disease. Gene may also
affect how a person reacts to the environment. As the entire human genome is too big a
sequence on its own, sequencing and reading a genome demand heavy computational
resources.
Bioinformatics is largely, although not exclusively, a computer-based discipline.
Computers are important in bioinformatics for two reasons:
First, many bioinformatics problems require the same task to be repeated millions
of times. For example, comparing a new sequence to every other sequence stored in a
database or comparing a group of sequences systematically to determine evolutionary
relationships. In such cases, the ability of computers to process information and test
alternative solutions rapidly is indispensable.
Second, computers are required for their problem-solving power.
Typical problems that might be addressed using bioinformatics could include solving the
folding pathways of protein given its amino acid sequence, or deducing a biochemical
pathway given a collection of RNA expression profiles. Computers can help with such
problems, but it is important to note that expert input and robust original data are also
required.