21-06-2014, 12:54 PM
BRAINGATE
BRAINGATE.docx (Size: 749.04 KB / Downloads: 19)
ABSTRACT
Brain Gate was developed by the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics in 2008 Conjunction with the department of Neuroscience Brown University. The device was designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs or other body function. The computer chip which is implanted into the brain, monitors brain activity in the patient and convert the intension of the user into computer hands. Currently the chip used 100 hair-thin electrodes that hear neurons firing in specific area of the brain. For e.g.: the area that control the arm movement .the activity is translated into eclectically charged signals and are then set and decoded using a program thus moving the arm. According to the Cyber kinetics website, 2 patients have been implanted with the Brain Gate.The Brain Gate System is based on Cyber kinetic platform technology to sense transmits, analyze and apply the language of neurons. The System consists of a sensor that is implanted on the motor cortex of the brain and a device that analyzes brain
INTRODUCTION
Brain Gate was developed by the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics in 2003 in Conjunction with the department of Neuroscience Brown University. The device was designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs or other body function. The computer chip which is implanted into the brain, monitors brain activity in the patient and convert the intension of the user into computer hands. Currently the chip used 100 hair-thin electrodes that hear neurons firing in specific area of the brain. For e.g.: the area that control the arm movement .the activity is translated into eclectically charged signals and are then set and decoded using a program thus moving the arm. According to the Cyber kinetics website, 2 patients have been implanted with the Brain Gate.
DESCRIPTION
MEDICAL REPORT
The Brain Gate Neural Interface System is currently the subject of a pilot clinical trial being conducted under an Investigational Device Exemption (LDE) from the FDA. The system is designed restore functionality for a limited, immobile group of severely motor-impaired individuals. It is expected that people using the Brain Gate System will employ a personal computer as the gateway to a range of self-directed activities. These activities may extend beyond typical computer functions to include the control of objects in the environment such as a telephone, a television and lights
HISTORY AND ORIGIN
Research on BCIs has been going on for more than 30 years, but from the mid-1990s there has been a dramatic increase in working experimental implants.
Brain gate was developed by the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University.
Braingate is a culmination of 10 years of research of 10 years of research of DR.JohnDonoghue who is the chairman of the “ neuroscience department” at brown university and chief scientific officer for cyberkinetics.The neuo surgeon DR.Gerhard Freighs halped him by expirementing on monkeys to the cursor by thoughts alone.cyberkinetics.inc in Foxboro,Massachusetts.The company bears all the expenses required for the study
BRAINGATE INTERFACE
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have already demonstrated that a monkey can feed itself with a robotic arm simply by using signals from its brain, an advance that could enhance prosthetics for people, especially those with spina] cord injuries. Now, using the Brain Gate system in the current human trials, a 25 year old quadriplegic has successfully been able to switch on lights, adjust the volume on a TV. change channels and read e-mail using only his brain. Crucially, the patient was able to do these tasks while carrying on a conversation and moving his head at the same time. The Brain Gate Neural Interface Device is a proprietary brain-computer interface that consists of an internal neural signal sensor and external processors that convert neural signals into an output signal under the users own control. The sensor consists of a tiny chip smaller than a baby aspirin, with one hundred electrode sensors each thinner than a hair that detect brain cell electrical activities.
IMPLANTING THE CHIP
There will be two surgeries, one to implant the Brain Gate and one to remove it. Before surgery, there will be several precautionary measures in order to prevent infection; patients will have daily baths with antimicrobial soap and take antibiotics. In addition, MRI scans will be done to find the best place on the brain for the sensor. Under sterile conditions and general anesthesia, Doctor will drill a small hole into the skull and implant the sensor using the same methods as in the monkey studies. Patients will receive post-surgical care including a CT scan, some blood tests, and wound care in the hospital for 1 to 5 days after surgery. After surgery, one of the study doctors will see the patients at least once a week for six weeks, then monthly and as needed. A nurse will also check
PRINCIPLE
The principle of operation of the Brain Gate Neural Interface System is that with intact brain function, neural signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs. These signals are interpreted by the System and a cursor is shown to the user on a computer screen that provides an alternate "Brain Gate pathway". The user can use that cursor to control the computer, just as a mouse is used. The device was designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other bodily functions, such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinal cord injury. The computer chip, which is implanted into the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer commands
WORKING
The sensor of the size of a contact lens is implanted in brain’s percentile gurus which control hand and arm movements. A tiny wire connects the chip to a small pedestal secured in the scull. A cable connects the pedestal to a computer. The brain's 100bn neurons fire between 20 and 200 times a second .The sensor implanted in the brain senses these electrical signals and passes to the pedestal through the wire. The pedestal passes this signal to the computer through the cable. The computer translates the signals into a communication output, allowing a person to move a cursor on a computer screen merely by thinking about it.
NEUROPROSTHETIC DEVICE
A neuroprosthetic device known as Brain gate converts brain activity into computer commands. A sensor is implanted on the brain, and electrodes are hooked up to wires that travel to a pedestal on the brain. The cable carries the brain activity data to a nearby computer. Neuroprosthetics is an area of neuroscience concerned with neural prostheses — using artificial devices to replace the function of impaired nervous systems or sensory organs. The most widely used neuroprosthetic device is the c cochlear implant, which was implanted in approximately 100,000 people worldwide as of 2006. There are also several neuroprosthetic devices that aim to restore vision, including retinal implants, although this article only discusses implants directly into the brain. The differences between BCIs and Neuroprosthetics are mostly in the ways the terms are used: Neuroprosthetics typically connect the nervous system, to a device, whereas the term “BCIs” usually connects the brain (or nervous system) with a computer system
NUERO CHIP
Currently the chip uses 100 hair-thin electrodes that 'hear' neurons firing in specific areas of the brain, for example, the area that controls arm movement. The activity is translated into electrically charged signals and is then sent and decoded using a program, which can move either a robotic arm or a computer cursor. Currently the chip uses 100 hair-thin electrodes that 'hear' neurons firing in specific areas of the brain, for example, the area that controls arm movement. The activity is translated into electrically charged signals and are then sent and decoded using a program, which can move either a robotic arm or a computer cursor. In addition to the real time analysis patterns to relay movement, the Brain gate array is also capable of recording electrical data for later analysis. A potential use of this feature would be for a neurologist to study seizure patterns in a patient with epilepsy
CONCLUSION
The idea of moving robots or prosthetic devices not by manual control, but by mere “thinking” (i.e., the brain activity of human subjects) has been a fascinated approach. Medical cures are unavailable for many forms of neural and muscular paralysis. The enormity of the deficits caused by paralysis is a strong motivation to pursue BMI solutions. So this idea helps many patients to control the prosthetic devices of their own by simply thinking about the task.
This technology is well supported by the latest fields of Biomedical Instrumentation, Microelectronics; signal processing, Artificial Neural Networks and Robotics which has overwhelming developments. Hope these systems will be effectively implemented for many biomedical applications