13-03-2011, 11:35 PM
hi guyz..
check out the report..itz in pdf format so as to avoid trouble while printng.
thnx 4 waitin..
13-03-2011, 11:35 PM
hi guyz.. check out the report..itz in pdf format so as to avoid trouble while printng. thnx 4 waitin..
14-03-2011, 02:51 PM
Bionic Eye is only US$0.99, but it doesn't answer the first question you should ask of any app -- does it solve any real world problems I have. An app should be a novel solution to a problem or great entertainment. Bionic Eye is neither, but it has potential if it can be given a larger database, much faster load times, and crash a lot less frequently. To be fully functional, Bionic Eye requires an iPhone 3GS.
15-04-2011, 01:27 PM
hi
you can refer these pages to get the details on bionic-eyes-for-the-blind https://seminarproject.net/Thread-bionic...ull-report https://seminarproject.net/Thread-bionic...ort?page=2
31-05-2012, 12:01 PM
BIONIC EYE
BIONIC EYE 2.doc (Size: 1.33 MB / Downloads: 104) . INTRODUCTION : A visual prosthesis often referred to as a bionic eye or retinal implant, is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision. A visual prosthetic or bionic eye is a form of neural prosthesis intended to partially restore lost vision or amplify existing vision. It usually takes the form of an externally-worn camera that is attached to a stimulator on the retina, optic nerve, or in the visual cortex, in order to produce perceptions in the visual cortex. Bionic eye restores the vision lost due to damage of retinal cells. The retina is a thin layer of neural tissue that lines the back wall inside the eye. Some of these cells act to receive light, while others interpret the information and send messages to the brain through the optic nerve. This is part of the process that enables us to see. In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing blindness. By some estimates, there are more than 10 million people worldwide affected by retinal diseases that lead to loss of vision. The absence of effective therapeutic remedies for Retinis pigmentosa (RP) and Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has motivated the development of experimental strategies to restore some degree of functional vision to affected patients. Because the remaining retinal layers are anatomically spared, several approaches have been designed to artificially activate this residual retina and thereby the visual system. Technology has done wonders for the mankind. We have seen prosthetics that helped overcome handicaps. Bio medical engineers play a vital role in shaping the course of these prosthetics. Now it is the turn of Artificial Vision through Bionic Eyes. VISUAL SYSTEM The human visual system is remarkable instrument. It features two mobile acquisition units each has formidable pre-processing circuitry placed at a remote location from the central processing system (brain). Its primary task include transmitting images with a viewing angle of at least 140deg and resolution of 1 arc min over a limited capacity carrier, the million or so fibres and each optic nerve through these fibres the signals are passed to the so called higher visual cortex of the brain. RETINA The retina is the innermost layer of the wall of the eyeball. Millions of lightsensitive cells there absorb light rays and convert them to electrical signals. Light first enters the optic (or nerve) fibre layer and the ganglion cell layer, under which most of the nourishing blood vessels of the retina are located. This is where the nerves begin, picking up the impulses from the retina and transmitting them to the brain. WHAT IS A BIONIC EYE? A visual prosthesis often referred to as a bionic eye or retinal implant, is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision. A visual prosthetic or bionic eye is a form of neural prosthesis intended to partially restore lost vision or amplify existing vision. It usually takes the form of an externally-worn camera that is attached to a stimulator on the retina, optic nerve, or in the visual cortex, in order to produce perceptions in the visual cortex. Bionic eye restores the vision lost due to damage of retinal cells. A Bionic Eye is a device, which acts as an artificial eye. It is a broad term for the entire electronics system consisting of the image sensors, processors, radio transmitters & receivers, and the retinal chip. The device is a circle about the size of a five-cent piece, inserted into the eye where the retina sits. It is a silicon chip which decodes the radio signals and delivers the stimulations. When these electrodes are stimulated they send messages to the retinal ganglion cells through small wires and then to the optic nerve to the brain, which is able to perceive patterns of light and dark spots corresponding to which electrodes have been stimulated. The device receives signals from a pair of glasses worn by the patient, which are fitted with a camera. The camera feeds the visual information into a separate image-processing unit, which makes 'sense' of the image by extracting certain features. The unit then breaks down the image into pixels and sends the information, one pixel at a time, to the silicon chip, which then reconstructs the image. Data is broadcasted into the body using radio waves. It's like a radio station that only has a range of 25 millimetres. Currently the technology is only able to transmit a 10 x 10 pixel. Participants must be profoundly blind to be eligible — those with even partial vision are excluded due to the potential risk of visual damage. The most recent version of the implant features an array of 60 pixels, allowing users to distinguish between light and dark, and see certain distinct objects. The ultimate goal, according to the research team, is to allow for reading and face recognition by increasing the number of pixels to 1,000. CONCLUSION This is a revolutionary piece of technology and really has the potential to change people's lives. Artificial Eye is such a revolution in medical science field. It’s good news for patients who suffer from retinal diseases. A bionic eye implant that could help restore the sight of millions of blind people could be available to patients within two years.
25-06-2012, 02:26 PM
BIONIC-EYE
BIONIC-EYE.pptx (Size: 1.03 MB / Downloads: 58) Introduction Its an electronic device which replaces functionality of a part or whole eye. Bionic is the combination of two words,bio+nic, (electronic) which means having physiological processes that are replaced by electronic components. It provides vision, partially to the visually challenged people by the use of electronic devices like digital camera and bionic eye implant. The implant is a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina in the eye ball. History of bionic eye The word Bionic was coined by Jack E. Steel in 1958, originating from the technical term bion, meaning unit of life and the suffix-ic, meaning “in the manner of” hence like life. Martin Caidin, the writer, used the word for his 1972 novel Cyborg, which inspired the series ”The Six Million Dollar Man” an American television series about a former astronaut with bionic implants. How does a Bionic eye allow blind people to see? The entire system runs on a battery pack that’s housed with the video processing unit. When the camera captures an image, say, of a tree- the image is in the form of light and dark pixels. It sends this image to the video processor which converts the tree-shape pattern of pixels into a series of electrical pulses that represent light and dark. The processor sends these pulses to a radio transmitter on the glasses, which then transmits the pulses in radio form to a receiver implanted underneath the subject’s skin. The receiver is directly connected via a wire to the electrode array implanted at the back of eye, and it sends the pulses down the wire. Causes of Blindness RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (RP):- It is the name given to a group of hereditary diseases of the retina of the eye It is a progressive blinding disorder of the outer retina which involves degeneration of neurons. It may be caused by a breakdown in the function of the rods or the cones in some part of the retina. The retina is so complex that, breakdowns may occur in a variety of ways and so RP is not a single disorder but a great number of disorders. It stars with degradation of night vision followed by tunnel vision.
27-09-2012, 03:12 PM
Bionic Eye
sub Bionic Eye.ppt (Size: 1.65 MB / Downloads: 39) What is a Bionic Eye? Bio-electronic eye Electronic device which replaces functionality of a part or whole of the eye Complex combination of multiple devices working together for restoration of the vision The Eye with Retina Human Eye is similar to a camera Macula provides the highest resolution of the image which we see. Macula is comprised of multiple layers of cells which process the initial “analog”light energy entering the eye into “digital” electrochemical impulses. Human eye has nearly 100 million photoreceptors. Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary Genetic Disease Gradually progresses towards center of the eye Spares the foveal region Tunnel vision results Macular Degeration Genetically Related Cones in Macula region degenrate Loss or damage of central vision Metamorphopsia Common among old people THE MARC SYSTEM BLOCK Outside The Eye Video input: CCD camera Image Processing : mPDA sized image processor Modulation : Pulse Width Modulation, ASK modulation Power Amplifier: Class E power amplifier Current Controller and Stimulator 20 controlled variable current (CVCS) sources are designed for retinal simulation Each receive clocking & data info from deciphered PWM wave Each CVCS is connected to 5 electrodes through a DEMUX Each current source provides sixteen level (4 bit) linear gray-scale stimulus Thus each of the 100 electrodes are exited by different currents which form the desired image pattern Silicon Retina: The Second Approach A silicon chip that faithfully mimics the neural circuitry of a real retina could lead to better bionic eyes for those with vision loss, researchers claim. The circuit is built with the mammalian retina as its blueprint. The chip contains light sensors and circuitry that functions in much the same way as nerves in a real retina – they automatically filter the mass of visual data collected by the eye to leave only what the brain uses to build a picture of the world. To make the chip, a model of how light-sensitive neurons and other nerve cells in the retina connect to process light is created. A silicon version using manufacturing techniques already employed in the computer chip industry. Changing Scene The mammalian brain only receives new information from the eyes when something in a scene changes. This cuts down on the volume of information sent to the brain but is enough for it to work out what is happening in the world. The retina chip performs in the same way As well as having the potential to help humans with damaged vision, future versions of the retina chip could help robots too! How it Works? Movement of the scene or of an object with constant reflectance and illumination causes relative intensity change. Thus the pixels are intrinsically invariant to scene illumination and directly encode scene reflectance change. The events are output asynchronously on an Address-Event bus, so they have much higher timing precision than the frame rate of a frame-based imager. Because the pixels locally respond to relative change of intensity, the device has a large intra-scene dynamic range. Conclusion Pacemaker is the inspiration for Bionics field. Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts. Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the brain's control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical engineering. There are other devices like bionic arms, tongues, noses etc.
02-10-2012, 04:14 PM
BIONIC EYE
BIONIC EYE.docx (Size: 23.25 KB / Downloads: 28) ABSTRACT Here, we present a description of a block scheme, specific features of design and results of testing for a prototype of a bionic eye, types of them and its applications. The bionic eye is intended to provide vision, partially to the visually impaired by use of the modern day electronics devices like CCD cameras. The comprises a computer chip that sits in the back of the individual's eye, linked up to a mini video camera built into glasses that they wear. Images captured by the camera are beamed to the chip, which translates them into impulses that the brain can interpret. Although the images produced by the artificial eye were far from perfect, they could be clear enough to allow someone who is otherwise blind to recognize faces. The paper discusses the differences working methodologies used in each of them. During the tests and the clinical trails, this device made six blind people to regain their vision partially. The potential advantage of using bionic eye is to be able to remove the blindness completely by making the advances in the present research and improving manufacturing technologies. This break through is likely to benefit approximately one crore world population who suffer from the most common causes of blindness, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration. The implant bypasses the diseased cells in the retina and stimulates the remaining viable cells. This is a revolutionary piece of technology and really has the potential to change people's lives. But we need to be aware it is still some way in the future. INTRODUCTION A Bionic Eye is a device, which acts as an artificial eye. It is a broad term for the entire electronics system consisting of the image sensors, processors, radio transmitters & receivers, and the retinal chip. Based on the institute developed these devices are developed but with minor to major differences, of these the devices with functional capability and those which are clinically tested and results proved are discussed here. Here the designer’s objective is to go for a system that is technically perfect with no loop holes and that is harmless to the human body which receives the system and that is commercially viable both in terms of ease of manufacture, cost and the process of implanting. Blindness means loss of vision. Rods and Cones, millions of them are in the back of every healthy human eye. They are biological solar cells in the retina that convert light to electrical impulses -- impulses that travel along the optic nerve to the brain where images are formed. Without them, eyes lose the capacity to see, and are declared blind. Degenerative retinal diseases result in death of photoreceptors--rod-shaped cells at the retina's periphery responsible for night vision and cone-shaped cells at its center responsible for color vision. Worldwide, 1.5 million people suffer from retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the leading cause of inherited blindness. In the Western world, agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of vision loss in people over age 65, and the issue is becoming more critical as the population ages. Each year, 700,000 people are diagnosed with AMD, with 10 percent becoming legally blind, defined by 20/400 vision. Many AMD patients retain some degree of peripheral vision. Currently, there is no effective treatment for most patients with AMD and RP, the researchers say . However, if one could bypass the photoreceptors and directly stimulate the inner retina with visual signals, one might be able to restore some degree of sight. Need for the BIONIC EYE: It has been shown that electric stimulation of retinal neurons can produce perception of light in patients suffering from retinal degeneration. Using this property the eye and make uses of the functional cells to retain the vision with the help of electronic devices that assist this cells in performing the task of vision, we can make these lakhs of people get back their vision at least partially. A design of an optoelectronic retinal prosthesis system that can stimulate the retina with resolution corresponding to a visual acuity of 20/80—sharp enough to orient yourself toward objects, recognize faces, read large fonts, watch TV and, perhaps most important, lead an independent life. The researchers hope their device may someday bring artificial vision to those blind due to retinal degeneration. Working: For the technique to work, the patient must still have some functioning ganglion cells - nerve cells that transmit visual information from the retinal cells to the optic nerve - as well as a fully-functioning optic nerve. A tiny electronic pad is placed onto the retina of one eye, so that the electrodes are in direct contact with the ganglion cells. Each of the devices' 100 electrodes can stimulate 20 to 30 cells. Real-time vision: The user wears a pair of glasses that contain a miniature camera and it is wirelessly transmits video to a cell phone-sized computer in the wearer's pocket. This computer processes the image information and wirelessly transmits it to a tiny electronic receiver implanted in the wearer's head. When received in the implanted chip, the digital information is transformed into electrical impulses sent into the ganglion cells. From there, the brain takes over as the information travels down the optic nerve to the visual cortex at the back of the brain. The whole process occurs extremely rapidly, so that patients see in real-time. This is important any noticeable lag could stimulate the "vestibular-ocular reflex", making people feel dizzy and sick. Currently recipients of the device experience a relatively narrow view, but more electrodes should provide a greater field of vision. By stimulating more ganglion cells, he hopes that visual acuity will increase dramatically. His team's next goal is to design a device with 1000 electrodes. Conclusion: Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve people's lives with artificial, bionic devices. Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted cardiac pacemaker. Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve people's lives with artificial, bionic devices. Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts. Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses. Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the brain's control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical engineering. But what ever be the pro and cons of this system. If this system is fully developed it will change the lives of millions of people around the world. We may not restore the vision fully, but we can help them to least be able to find their way, recognize faces, read books, above all lead an independent life. |
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