30-03-2012, 12:32 PM
History of Computing
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History of Computing
Abacus: appeared around 2400 BC
Developed in Babylonia
Imported to China and improved substantially around 1200’s BC
Modern abacus is an improved variety from Japan after the World War II
Pascal’s Arithmetic Machine
French mathematician, physicist, theologian, philosopher
The first mechanical calculator
Developed in 1642 (only at 19 years old)
only add/subtract
10 toothed wheels
Leibniz’s Calculator
Developed in 1673 based on Pascal’s machine
Can do add/subtract/multiply/divide
History of Computing
Analytic Engine
The first autonomic computing machine
Designed by Charles Babbage in 1833
Like today’s computer, it has central processing unit, memory storage, software instructions, punch card inputs, and printed outputs
50 decimal digit calculations
Memory of 1000 digits
Operated by steam power
Some people refer Babbage “the Father of Computing”
Ada: the first programmer using the Analytic Engine
Subroutines, loops, conditional jumps
Computer Generations
1st generation computers
Vacuum tube, 1946-1957, 40K operations/sec
2nd generation computers
Transistor, 1958-1964, 200 K operations/sec
3rd generation computers
SSI, MSI, 1965-1971, 1 M operations/sec
4th generation computers
LSI, 1972-1977, 10 M operations/sec
5th generation computers
VLSI, 1978 to date, 100 M operations/sec
ENIAC
ENIAC
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
1st general-purpose electronic computer
Designed by John Mushily and John Presper Eckert at Upenn
Funded by US BRL (Ballistic Research Lab) to develop range and trajectory tables for new weapons
Until then, BRL employee more than 200 people with desktop calculators to solve the necessary ballistics equations
The proposal accepted in 1943, the machine completed in 1946, and dismantled in 1955
Used for H-bomb research
Characteristics
30 tons, 15000 square feet, 18000 vacuum tubes, 140 KW power dissipation
Decimal machine
20 accumulators each holding 10-digit decimal number
Each digit is represented by a ring of 10 vacuum tubes
Manually programmed by setting switches and plugging/unplugging cables
5,000 additions per second
Commercial Computers in 1950’s
Sperry-Rand Corporation
Eckert & Mauchly Computer Corporation was founded in 1947
Merged with Sperry-Rand Corporation
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) I
Used for (population) census in 1950
UNIVAC II
Higher performance, larger memory, upward compatibility
Provides backward compatibility from UNIVAC and secure customer base
IBM
Start as an equipment company for punch card
IBM 701, 1953
The first commercial stored program computer
Used for scientific application
IBM 702, 1955
Business applications
The 2nd Generation Computers
Transistors invented
Replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller, cheaper, less heat dissipation
Invented by William Shockley et al. in 1947 at Bell Labs
IBM 7094 (7000 series) – 1962
Data channel
Independent IO Processor
IOP has its own instruction set
IOP independently processes input and output once initiated by CPU
PDP-1 - 1957
DEC was founded in 1957
Begins minicomputer era
The 3rd Generation Computers
IC (Integrated Circuit) – semiconductors Moore’s law – Intel’s co-founder
“The number of transistors that could be put on a single chip is doubled every 18 months.”, 1965
Memory capacity quadruples every 3 year
The number of transistors and the performance of a microprocessor is quadrupled every 3 year
IBM System/360, 1964
Incompatible with 700/7000 series, but great success
Family of models (model 30, 40, 50, 65, 75)
The same instruction set, same OS
Increasing speed, IO ports, memory size
DEC PDP-8, 1964
$16,000, small enough to put on a lab bench
50,000 units sold
The 4th and 5th Generation Computers
Semiconductor memory
Replaces magnetic core memory
Non-destructive, much faster than core
1970, Developed by Fairchild, 256 bits of memory
Since 1974, cost per bit dropped lower than core memory
12 generations - 256, 1K, 4K, 16K, 64K, 256K, 1M, 4M, 16M, 64M, 256M, 1G
Microprocessor
1971, Intel developed the first 4 bit microprocessor 4004
1972, 8008 (8-bit)
1974, 8080 (the first general-purpose microprocessor)
1978, 8086 (16-bit)
1982, 80286 (20 bit address, 16MB memory)
1985, 80386 (32-bit)
1989, 80486 the first pipelined processor, integrated FPU
1993, Pentium (superscalar)
1995, Pentium Pro (OOO, branch prediction)
2000, Pentium 4 (superpipelining), Itanium (64-bit, VLIW)
The 4th and 5th Generation Computers
PC era begins
1976, Steve Jobs starts Apple Computer (8-bit)
1981, IBM developed 16 bit IBM PC
Microsoft developed MS DOS
1984, Apple announces Macintosh
1992, Microsoft announces MS Windows 3.1
1994, Netscape announced
2009, Windows 7