30-08-2014, 04:41 PM
CLOUD COMPUTING
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INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is the next natural step in the evolution of on-demand information technology
services and products. To a large extent cloud computing will be based on virtualized resources.
The idea of cloud computing is based on a very fundamental principal of `reusability of IT
capabilities`. The difference that cloud computing brings compared to traditional concepts of
―grid computing‖, ―distributed computing‖, ―utility computing‖, or ―autonomic computing‖ is to
broaden horizons across organizational boundaries
Concepts
A powerful underlying and enabling concept is computing through service-oriented architectures
(SOA) - delivery of an integrated and orchestrated suite of functions to an end-user through
composition of both loosely and tightly coupled functions, or services - often network based.
Related concepts are component-based system engineering, orchestration of different services
through workflows, and virtualization.
Cyber infrastructure
Cyber infrastructure makes applications dramatically easier to develop and deploy, thus
expanding the feasible scope of applications possible within budget and organizational
constraints, and shifting the scientist’s and engineer’s effort away from information technology
development and concentrating it on scientific and engineering research. Cyber infrastructure
also increases efficiency, quality, and reliability by capturing commonalities among application
needs, and facilitates the efficient sharing of equipment and services.
Today, almost any business or major activity uses, or relies in some form, on IT and IT services.
These services need to be enabling and appliance-like, and there must be an economy of- scale
for the total-cost-of-ownership to be better than it would be without cyber infrastructure.
Technology needs to improve end-user productivity and reduce Technology-driven overhead
Cloud Architecture
Cloud architecture the systems architecture of the software systems involved
in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud
architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud
components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually
web services.
This closely resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs doing one thing well
and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting
systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.
Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications access
cloud applications. Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are
centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data
Component
The key to a SOA framework that supports workflows is componentization of its services, an
ability to support a range of couplings among workflow building blocks, fault-tolerance in its
data- and process-aware service-based delivery, and an ability to audit processes, data and
results, i.e., collect and use provenance information. Component-based approach is characterized
by reusability (elements can be re-used in other workflows), substitutability (alternative
implementations are easy to insert, very precisely specified interfaces are available, run-time
component replacement mechanisms exist, there is ability to verify and validate
substitutions, etc), extensibility and scalability (ability to readily extend system component pool
and to scale it, increase capabilities of individual components, have an extensible and scalable
architecture that can automatically discover new functionalities and resources,
etc),customizability (ability to customize generic features to the needs of a particular scientific
domain and problem), and composability (easy construction of more complex functional
solutions using basic components, reasoning about such compositions, etc.). There are other
characteristics that also are very important. Those include reliability and availability of the
components and services, the cost of the services, security, total cost of ownership, economy of
scale, and so on.In the context of cloud computing we distinguish many categories of
components
Virtualization
Virtualization is another very useful concept. It allows abstraction and isolation of lower-level
functionalities and underlying hardware. This enables portability of higher-level functions and
sharing and/or aggregation of the physical resources. The virtualization concept has been around
in some form since 1960s (e.g., in IBM mainframe systems). Since then, the concept has matured
considerably and it has been applied to all aspects of computing – memory, storage, processors,
software, networks, as well as services that IT offers. It is the combination of the growing needs
and the recent advances in the IT architectures and solutions that is now
bringing the virtualization to the true commodity level. Virtualization, through its economy of
scale, and its ability to offer very advanced and complex IT services at a reasonable cost, is
poised to become, along with wireless and highly distributed and pervasive computing devices,
such as sensors and personal cell-based access devices, the driving technology behind the next
waive in IT growth .Not surprisingly there are dozens of virtualization products, and a number of
small and large companies that make them
Working Of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing system can be divided it into two sections: the front end and the back end.
They connect to each other through a network, usually the Internet. Thefront end is the side the
computer user, or client, sees.The back end is the "cloud" section of the system. On the back
end there are various computers,servers and data storage systems that create the "cloud" of
computing services.A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client
demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. It followsa set of rules called protocols
Servers and remote computers do most of the work and store the data
Conclusion
―Cloud‖ computing builds on decades of research in virtualization, distributed computing, utility
computing, and more recently networking, web and software services. It implies a service
oriented architecture, reduced information technology overhead for the end-user, great
flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, ondemand services and many other things.
In today's global competitive market, companies must innovate and get the most from its
resources to succeed. Cloud computing infrastructures are next generation platforms that can
provide tremendous value to companies of any size. They can help companies achieve more
efficient use of their IT hardware and software investments and provide a means to accelerate the
adoption of innovations.Cloud computing increases profitability by improving resource
utilization. Costs are driven down by delivering appropriate resources only for the time those
resources are needed. Cloud computing has enabled teams and organizations to streamline
lengthy procurement processes.
Cloud computing enables innovation by alleviating the need of innovators to find resources to
develop, test, and make their innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to
focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources that enable
the innovation