30-08-2014, 11:16 AM
Six months Industrial training
On
Construction of Side Drain
At
Hoshiarpur
Executive Engineer Central works Division Pub. B/R Hsp
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelors of Engineering in Civil
Submitted By:
Lakhvir Saini
1186379
Department of Civil Engineering
(Session 2011-2014)
Er.Anoop HayerEr. Rajinder Kumar
(Faculty coordinator) (Industrial supervisor)
Sant Baba Bhag Singh Institute of Engineering & Technology
Village: Khiala, P.O. Padhiana, District: Jalandhar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Er. Rajinder Kumar (project manager) Public Works Department for his ultimate support and guidance. He always best owned parental cares upon me and has keen interest in solving my problems. A magnificent person and a strict disciplinarian .I am grateful to have worked under his supervision.
I greatly appreciate &convey my heart-felt thanks to engineer and supervisors flow of idea & all those who helped in the completion of my training project.
This process is completed with the support of civil staff.
Thank you
Lakhvir Saini
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAIN
Size of drain: 1.5m wide & 1.5m in height
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Construction of storm (rain) water drain along the National Highway No.3 in Km No. 37, 38, 39, to drain out the Storm water from District. Hoshiarpur to maintain the road traffic worthy during rainy season. Cost of project is Rs.613 lacks. The total length of the drain is 4055m and size of the drain 1.5m width and depth of drain 1.5m, 2 No. culverts constructed in the drain.
The contract was received by M/s Rajiv Aggarwal and company on 19/12/2012 was given after accepting his tenders.
DESIGN & SCOPE
The following provision has been made in the estimate.
1. Construction of R.C.C. Drain on both sides of Carriageway with provision of R.C.C covers.
2. Construction of culverts of appropriate size where road crossings are involved.
STORM WATER DRAIN
If storm water is mixed with sewage flow large sewer will be required. Not only that, at D.W.F. the hydraulic performance of such combined sewer will not be satisfactory. Hence it is frequently preferred to carry the storm water through storm water drain.
REQUIRMENTS:
1. The inner surface of the drain should be smooth.
2. It should have sufficient carrying capacity and should have reasonable free board.
3. It should be laid on proper grade so as to achieve self-cleaning velocity even with minimum dry weather flow.
4. All its joints should be properly and neatly finished.
5. It should be structurally safe and stable.
6. It should be constructed with non-corrosive material to achieve sufficient resistance to erosion.
SHAPE OF SURFACE DRAIN:
1. Rectangular
2. Trapezoidal
3. Semi-Circular
4. V-Shaped
5. U-Shaped Drain.
ROAD DRAINAGE
The process of removing and controlling the access of surface and sub-surface water within the right-of-way of a road is called road drainage.
It also includes interception (collection) and diversion of water from the road surface and the subgrade.
The process of interception and diversion of surface water through suitable side drains is called surface drainage, and the process of interception and removal of sub-soil water through suitable sub-surface drains is called sub-surface drainage.
The main object of road drainage is to keep the road surface and its foundation as dry as possible so as to maintain its stability.
Thus, a good drainage system is essential for efficient highway transportation with minimum maintenance cost.
IMPORTANCE OF ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
The presence of water in a highway layer reduces the bearing capacity of the road, and in doing so it also reduces the structure's lifetime. Indeed, the recent extremely cold winter in many parts of Europe has shown that in colder climates there is a risk of frost damage when water is present resulting in costly potholes, so drainage systems performing properly are important in road design.
And while motorists driving along a road see little of such systems, they are an expensive and vital element of the structure where the surface drainage system looks after the run-off water from rainfall. This is where the waterproof surface with a cross fall leads the rainwater to drains. Sub-surface drainage systems safely remove groundwater and water getting in through the pavement's surface.
a. Minimize the environmental impact of road runoff on the receiving water environment
b. Ensure the speedy removal of surface water to enhance safety and minimize disruption to road users.
c. Maximize the longevity of the road surface and associated infrastructures.
SITE INVESTIGATIONS
Site investigations or subsurface explorations are done for obtaining the information about subsurface conditions at site of proposed construction. Information about the surface and subsurface features is essential for the design of structures and for planning construction techniques.it consists of determining the profile of nature soil deposits at the site, taking the soil samples and determining the engineering properties of soil. It also includes in-situ testing of the soils.
Site investigations are generally done to obtain the information that is useful for one or more of the following purposes
1. To select the type and depth of foundation for a given structure.
2. To determine the bearing capacity of soil.
3. To estimate the probable maximum and differential settlement.
4. To establish the ground water level and to determine the properties of water.
5. To predict lateral earth pressure against retaining walls abutments.
6. To select suitable construction techniques.
7. To predict and to solve potential foundation problem.
8. To ascertain the suitability of soil as a construction material.
9. To investigate the safety of existing structures and to suggest the remedial measures.
EXCAVATION
Site excavation is a process in which soil, rock, and other materials are removed from a site, typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers. There are a number of reasons to conduct an excavation of a site, ranging from a desire to explore a site to learn more about its archaeological history to an environmental remediation project. Depending on the purpose of a site excavation, it may be conducted and supervised by various professionals.
During new construction on buildings, roads, and other structures, site excavation is one of the earliest stages. The site is excavated to create a level, clean area to work, with the foundations being established in the excavated area. A site may also be excavated and backfilled to confirm that the material directly under the site is of high quality. The depth of site excavation can vary, depending on what is being built and where the building is occurring.
Archaeological excavation involves the painstaking removal of material in layers, with material being sifted and carefully examined for objects of historical interest. Excavation can be used to uncover structures which have been buried over time, to examine burial sites, to look through former settlements, and in many other types of archaeological and paleontological activities. Additionally, before building excavation can begin in some regions of the world, an archaeological investigation may be required to confirm that building will not damage or compromise material of archaeological importance, to remove material of archaeological interest, or to comply with laws surrounding native and historic burial sites.
Environmental remediation can also involve site excavation. If soil is contaminated, it may be necessary to remove it and backfill with clean soil. The excavated soil can be disposed of in a facility which handles contaminated materials. Excavation can also be used to prepare a site for sequestration of contaminated materials, with the excavation being outfitted with liners to prevent seepage.
Some construction firms specialize in site excavation. These firms have an assortment of specialized equipment and crews which can handle a wide variety of types of excavations, dealing with everything from construction supports to prevent collapse of side walls to organizing the safe removal of excavated material. Hiring such a firm usually ensures that the excavation is conducted safely and competently, reducing the risk of problems at the site in the future. For archaeological excavation of proposed building sites, specialized firms provide archaeology consulting services including excavation and site evaluation.