01-08-2012, 01:23 PM
Fault Detection and Classification on Transmission Lines using SVMs
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INTRODUCTION
Fault detection and classification on transmission lines are important task to safeguard electric power systems. A fundamental part of a protective relay is a selector module which classifies the type of fault that has occurred and also to
classify the “normal state”. Reliable phase selection of the faulted phase is thus vitally important in order to avoid either tripping of the incorrect phase or unnecessary three-phase tripping.
Moreover, a necessary requirement of phase selectors is high speed operation as the selection process must be completed in the immediate post-fault period before breaker opens. Traditional phase selection schemes suffer from some drawbacks due to complexity of the system model, lack of knowledge of its parameters, effect of remote-end in feed, fault resistance, mutual-coupling from adjacent parallel lines, etc. They do not have the ability to adapt dynamically to the system operating conditions, and to make correct decisions if the signals are uncertain.
EXISTING SYSTEM:
• In existing system if faults occurred consumer should inform to EB after that only electrician can take further action.
• In case the transmission lines are defected, we have to change the phase manually..In such a case the electrician to perform the phase change to get the current from another phase in 3-phase connections.
• And it is very tough to perform this actions during rainy seasons and it tends to total shut down in whole area.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
• This project is used to detect fault in transmission lines.
• It uses potential transformer and voltage transformer. Voltage and current from the transformers are given to ADC.
• It will convert the analog signal into digital.
• Microcontroller will monitor these parameters.
• Temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature of transmission lines.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Microcontrollers are widely used in Embedded System products. An Embedded product uses the microprocessor or microcontroller to do one task & one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any no. of applications such as word processor, print server, bank teller terminal, video game player, network server or internet terminal. Software for variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a PC can perform multiple tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software into RAM & lets the CPU run it. In and Embedded system there is only one application software that is typically burn into ROM. An x86PC Contain or its connected to various Embedded Products such as keyboard, printer, modem, Disc controller, Soundcard, CD-ROM Driver, Mouse & so on. Each one of these peripherals as microcontroller inside it that performs only one task, For example inside every mouse there is microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to PC. Although microcontrollers are preferred choice for many embedded systems, there are times that a microcontroller is inadequate for the task.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
An Embedded System employs a combination of hardware & software ("an computational engine”) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a “computer works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. Software is used for providing features and flexibility Hardware = {Processors, ASICs, Memory...} is used for performance (& sometimes security an embedded system is a special purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. Unlike a general purpose computer, such as a PC, an embedded system performs predefined task’s usually with very specific tasks design engineers can optimize it reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass produced, so the cost savings may be multiplied by millions of items. The core of any embedded system is formed by one or several microprocessor or micro controller programmed to perform a small number of tasks. In contrast to a general purpose computer, which can run any software application, the user chooses, the software on an embedded system is semi-permanent, so it is often called firmware.
ATMEL 89C51:
It is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer With 4K Bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and incompatible with the industry- standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8- bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful micro-computer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
8051 MICROCONTROLLER MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
The microcontroller memory is divided into Program Memory and Data Memory. Program Memory (ROM) is used for permanent saving program being executed, while Data Memory (RAM) is used for temporarily storing and keeping intermediate results and variables. Depending on the model in use ( still referring to the whole 8051microcontroller family) at most a few Kb of ROM and 128 or 256 bytes of RAM can be used .All 8051 microcontrollers have 16-bit addressing bus and can address 64 kb memory. It is neither a mistake nor a big ambition of engineers who were working on basic core development. It is a matter of very clever memory organization which makes these controllers a real “programmers’ tidbit“.
PROGRAM MEMORY:
The oldest models of the 8051 microcontroller family did not have internal program memory. It was added from outside as a separate chip. These models are recognizable by their label beginning with 803 (for ex. 8031 or 8032). All later models have a few Kbytes ROM embedded, Even though it is enough for writing most of the programs, there are situations when additional memory is necessary. A typical example of it is the use of so called lookup tables. They are used in cases when something is too complicated or when there is no time for solving equations describing some process. The example of it can be totally exotic (an estimate of self-guided rockets’ meeting point) or totally common (measuring of temperature using non-linear thermo element or asynchronous motor speed control). In those cases all needed estimates and approximates are executed in advance and the final results are put in the tables (similar to logarithmic tables)
DATA MEMORY:
As already mentioned, Data Memory is used for temporarily storing and keeping data and intermediate results created and used during microcontroller’s operating. Besides, this microcontroller family includes many other registers such as: hardware counters and timers, input/output ports, serial data buffers etc. The previous versions have the total memory size of 256 locations, while for later models this number is incremented by additional 128 available registers. In both cases, these first 256 memory locations (addresses 00-FFh) are the base of the memory. Common to all types of the 8051 microcontrollers, Locations available to the user occupy memory space with addresses from 0 to 7Fh. First 128 registers and this part of RAM are divided in several blocks. The first block consists of 4 banks each including 8 registers designated as R0 to R7.Prior to access them, a bank containing that register must be selected