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ABSTRACT
Radar bullet is a special type of bullet the main use of radar bullet is to find landmines without setting foot into the ground .This consists of firing a special bullet into ground from a helicopter which could pinpoint buried landmines. Anti -personal mines claims seventy new victims every day.
This weapon is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological trauma that follow the blast mean these children will have to be looked after for many years.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In this discussion, we will concentrate on Radar This ultra wide band radar provides centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two distinct types of Radar, time-domain and frequency domain. Time domain or impulse Radar transmits discrete Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in mid 99 in the US. It is used for detecting land mines. And this discovery finds a very important prospect as about 139 countries singed a treaty in favor of banning anti-personal mines.
Anti -personal mines claims seventy new victims every day. This weapon is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast. Are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological trauma that follow the blast mean these children will have to be looked after for many year. . Therefore considering these factors the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we launches into the 21't century.
INTRODUCTION
Technologies are used for landmine detection are:
• Metal detectors--- capable of finding even low-metal content mines in mineralized soils.
• Nuclear magnetic resonance, fast neutron activation and thermal neutron activation.
• Thermal imaging and electro-optical sensors--- detect evidence of buried objects.
• Biological sensors such as dogs, pigs, bees and birds
• Chemical sensors such as thermal fluorescence--- detect airborne and waterborne presence of explosive vapors.
BASIC PRINCIPLE
2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE
In essence, a radar consists of a transmitter and a receiver, each connected to a directional antenna. The transmitter is capable of sending out a large UHF or microwave power through the antenna. The receiver collects as much energy as possible from the echoes reflected in its direction by the target and then treats and displays this information in a suitable way. The receiving antenna is very often the same as the transmitting antenna. This is accomplished through a kind of time-division multiplexing arrangement, since the radio energy is very often sent out in the form of pulses
In response to an internally generated trigger signal, the transmitter generates a short, rectangular pulse. As soon as a small fraction of the pulse power is fed to the duplexer, this device disconnects the receiver from the antenna and connects the transmitter to it.In most radars, though by no means in all, the antenna moves in a predetermined pattern, i.e., it scans. Either way, it is normally directional and sends out the generated pulse in the direction in which it is pointing at the time. The scanning speed may be mechanically high, but it is small compared with the time taken by pulses to return from a normal range of targets. Thus, when such echoes are received, the antenna still points in the right direction to collect them.
3.2 Hardware Description
The impulse radar bullet system developed in the International Research Centre for Telecommunications-transmission and Radar (IRCTR). Impulse radar bullet system comprises Impulse generator, Transmitter, Receiver, Pulse extender, A/D converter, Processor and Visual display.
Working
The pulse generator delivered by SATIS Co. produces 0.8 ns monocycle pulses. The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of radar bullet system, because its performance depends strongly on the antenna system.
The antenna system should satisfy a number of demands. The antenna system contains transmitter and receiver. Pulse extender will amplify the ground reflection signal up to the maximum level acquired by A/D converter. The transmitter sends out a series of electromagnetic pulses then listens with the receiver connected to high speed sampler which in turn feeds A/D Converter.
A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor. Processor filters the signal.
Visual display helps to see the range of targets. It displays the exact position of landmine .Microwave radar for antiaircraft fire control was quickly developed, of which the most successful ground - based version was the U.S. Army's SCR-58. It was capable of measuring the position of enemy aircraft to within 0.1°, and the distance, or range to within 25m. such radars were eventually capable of tracking targets by locking onto them, with the aid of servomechanisms controlling the orientation of the antennas. Anti-surface vessel (ASV) radars became very common and quite accurate toward the end of the war.
MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
Inside the bullet is a solid metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wound coil of wire. As the bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a magnetic field in the cylinder. When the bullet smashes into the ground, the sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil. The sudden movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces a large pulse of current in the coil. The coil then acts like an antenna, converting the pulse into a short burst of high frequency radiation.
FIELD TEST
After the laboratory tests, testes were conducted at the Arizona desert using the same experimental setup , the radar bullet was able to detect 35 anti¬tank mines and Val Mara 69 antipersonnel mines, which are a particular problem in northern Iraq, where the mines have been laid by saddaam husseins force in their confrontation with the KURBS.
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Advantages
• It has accurate measurements and it locates even small target.
• It has been well founded by the defense. It operates by detecting the dielectric soils which allows it to locate even no metallic mines.
• Biological sensors can only operate for limited periods, but in GPR has no such limits.
• It has been tested in different environmental conditions.
5.2 Disadvantages
• Plastic landmines cannot be detected.
• It is highly expensive.
• It is more power hungry.
• It can suffer falls alarm rates as high as metal detectors.
5.3 Application
• Plastic landmines cannot be detected.
• It is highly expensive.
• It is more power hungry.
• It can suffer falls alarm rates as high as metal detectors.
FUTURE PROSPECTS
1. As the UN has already implemented a world wide ban on antipersonnel mines, the invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction of the mines.
2. Ten thousands of antipersonnel mines lied buried in the hilly regions of Cambodia, n. Korea, Afghanistan etc. and according to UN it would take more than 100 years to detect and destroy these if worked out manually. Mines clearance or defining is normally broken into these stages. Detection removal and disposal. Current detection methods range from high-tech electronic (ground penetrating radar), infrared, magnetic resonance imaging) to biological detection schemes(Dog Sniff or) and insects or bacteria to simple brute force detonation methods (Flails, Rollers and plows) and the use of the hand held mechanical prodders.
3. Mass graveyards which results from internal civil wars as in Cambodia, Kosovo and in some African nations can be detected using radar bullets.
• MINE EFFECTED COUNTRIES
The countries known to have severe landmine problems are;Afghanistan, Bosnia, Eritrea, Croatia, china. Unfortunately India Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar are also in the list of less-mine affected countries b-sides other 100 countries.
CONCLUSION
Radar Bullet can be used not only for detecting antipersonnel mines, but also for detecting anti- tank mines as well as for the mines used in sea for targeting the ship and submarines. . Since it can also be used for exploring oil, minerals and other buried natural resources, the discovery of radar bullet is a big boost for the modern world as we are in 21St century. Currently, very little technology is used in real-world defining activities. Active programs by the U.S Army in both land mine detection sensor development and systems integration are evaluating new technologies, incrementally improving existing technologies, increasing the probability of detection, reducing the false alarm rate, and planning out useable deployment scenarios. Through iterative design, build test cycles, and blind and scored testing at Army mine lanes, steady progress is being made.