04-08-2014, 03:47 PM
A Survey on Energy Efficient Dynamic Source Routing Protocol
for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Abstract
Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) has been accepted itself as one of the distinguished and dominant
routing protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). From various performance analysis and results, it is
shown that DSR has been an outstanding routing protocol that outperforms consistently than any other routing
protocols. But it could not pervade the same place when the performance was considered in term of energy
consumption at each node, energy consumption of the networks, energy consumption per successful packet
transmission, and energy consumption of node due to different overhead. Because, DSR protocol does not take
energy as a parameter into account at all. And as MANET is highly sensible towards the power related issues
and energy consumption as it is operated by the battery with the limited sources, needed to be used efficiently, so
that the lie time o the network can be prolonged and performance can be enhanced. This paper presents a
comprehensive summery of different energy efficient protocols that are based on the basic Mechanism of DSR
and enlightens the effort and commitment that has been made since last 10 year to turn the traditional DSR as
energy efficient routing protocol.
Introduction
Ad Hoc Network is a multi-hop wireless networks which is consist of autonomous mobile nodes interconnected
by means of wireless medium without having any fixed infrastructure. It’s quick and easy deployment in a
situation where its highly impossible to set up any fixed infrastructure networks, has increased the potential used
in different applications in different critical scenarios. Such as battle fields, emergency disaster relief, conference
and etc. A mobile ad hoc network [MANET] [1, 2, 3, 4, 7] can be characterized by the mobile nodes which have
freedom to move at any direction and has the ability of self-configuring, self-maintaining and self-organizing
themselves within the network by means of radio links without any fixed infrastructure like based station, fixed
link, routers, and centralized servers. As in the network there is no base station or central coordinator exists, so
the individual node plays the responsibility as a router during the communication has to be played by each and
every node, participating in the network communication. Hence all the nodes are incorporated with a routing
mechanism in order to transmit a data packet from source to destination. Nodes are operated by battery which is
having limited capacity and they all suffer from severe battery consumption, especially when they participate for
data communication for various sources and destinations. An uninterrupted data transmission from a particular
source to destination requires a continual updating of path. If any moment path is not fond from source to
destination, then Route Discovery Process has to be called. And multiple times route Discovery Process may
introduce heavy power consumption. A number of routing approaches have been proposed to reduce various
types of power consumption caused by various reasons in the wireless ad hoc network, which in result not only
prolongs the life span of individual nodes but also reduces the network partition and enhances the performance
of the network.
2. Routing process in ad hoc networks
In MANET [1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7], routing is a process of establishing a route and then forwarding packets from
source to destination through some inter mediate nodes if the destination node is not directly within the range of
sender node. The route establishment itself is a two steps process. First one is the Route Discovery where it finds
the different routes from same source to destination. Second, the Route Selection, where it selects a particular
route among all routes found for the same source to destination. Traditional protocols and data structure are
available to maintain the routes and to execute it by selecting the path that is having minimum distance from
source to destination where the minimum distance is in term of minimum hop count.
Energy efficient routing protocols
The energy efficient routing protocols [6, 11] play a significant role in mobile ad hoc networks as the nodes are
dynamic in nature and each node can participate in routing the data packets. In such scenario, efficient routing
protocols are needed for Ad Hoc networks, especially when there are no routers, no base stations and no fixed
infrastructure. So establishing the correct and efficient routes between the a source and destination is not the
ultimate aim of any routing protocols, rather to keep the networks functioning as much as possible with less
battery consumption at each node, should also be the objective of any routing protocols.
Conclusion
In this article we have discussed, one of the important issue that is energy consumption problem in MANET. As
the traditional routing mechanisms like minimum hop count produces not only overheads in the networks but
also consume more power in the networks during the communication..And hence it is required to have some any
energy efficient routing protocols to be designed in order to overcome this problem. As there are many energy
efficient routing protocols exist, it is very difficult to compare them directly since each method has different
assumptions and has different means to achieve the goals. For example to reduce the power consumption we can
go for dynamic adjustment of transmitting power at each node. But due to mobility it may suffer from network
partition as any node moves away from another node. If we consider the traffic density or node density in the
network which are also responsible of power consumption in a node, can be solved by using distributed load
balancing approach in the networks. DSR routing protocol has provided the basic for any energy efficient routing
protocols where by modifying its structure of control packet and considering some new energy matrices power
consumption can be reduced.
This paper has also expounded few energy efficient routing protocols which are explicitly based on the DSR
routing protocol. These protocols have proved the traditional DSR can also be acted as an energy efficient
routing protocol. Because DSR is considered as one of the unconventional routing protocol which does not
concerned about energy consumption at all. This paper has also revealed that a single routing protocol cannot
stand strongly against the major constraint of MANET that is power consumption until it is integrated with some
other techniques like power consumption, load balancing, transmission control, multi path routing and many
more. The combination of all these techniques can surely turning out be an efficient solution for energy
constraint. There can also be many variegated solutions and techniques proposed to deal with some other
problems and constraints of MANET but power constraint cannot be ignored as long as MANETs are operated
by the battery power.
It is very difficult to conclude which one of the protocol is the best among all energy efficient routing protocols,
because all these protocols are based on different methodologies, performances matrices, different
implementation environments and different techniques. But all these protocols have proved that they are better
than the DSR routing protocol. Still many scopes are there in DSR to add on new functionally and to modify
the basic mechanism of DSR as an Energy Efficient Routing protocols.