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Abstract: Drowsy driving has been implicated as a
causal factor in many accidents. Therefore, realtime
drowsiness monitoring can prevent traffic
accidents effectively. However, current BCI
systems are usually large and have to transmit an
EEG signal to a back-end personal computer to
process the EEG signal. In this study, a novel BCI
system was developed to monitor the human
cognitive state and provide biofeedback to the
driver when drowsy state occurs. The ever
increasing numbers of traffic accidents all over
the world are due to diminished driver’s vigilance
level. For this reason, developing system that
actively monitors the driver’s level of vigilance
and alerting the driver of any insecure driving
condition is essential for accident prevention. In
this project we have an alcohol sensor to detect
first weather the driver is drunken or in normal
state and if the driver is in normal state then the
vehicle will move. While vehicle is moving an eye
blinking sensor will sense the eyes of the driver
that weather the eyes of the driver are blinking or
not. If the sensor detects that the eyes of the driver
are not blinking and the driver is drowsy then a
message is sent to the authorized person that the
driver is drowsy through GSM. In this with the
help of MEMS we can be able to know the
position of the driver in the vehicle.
Introduction
Driver drowsiness has been implicated as a causal
factor in many accidents because of the marked
decline in drivers’ perception of risk and recognition
of danger, and diminished vehicle-handling abilities
[1]–[5]. In 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) reported that about 0.7% of drivers had been involved in a crash that they
attribute to drowsy driving, amounting to an
estimated 800 000 to 1.88 million drivers in the past
five years [6]. The National Sleep Foundation (NSF)
also reported that 51% of adult drivers had driven a
vehicle while feeling drowsy and 17% had actually
fallen asleep [7]. Therefore, real-time drowsiness
monitoring is important to avoid traffic accidents.
Previous studies have proposed a number of methods
to detect drowsiness. They can be categorized into
two main approaches. The first approach focuses on
physical changes during fatigue, such as the
inclination of the driver’s head, sagging posture, and
decline in gripping force on the steering wheel [8]–
[12]. The movement of the driver’s body is detected
by direct sensor contacts or video cameras. Since
these techniques allow non-contact detection of
drowsiness, they do not give the driver any
discomfort. This will increase the driver’s acceptance
of using these techniques to monitor drowsiness.
However, these parameters easily vary in different
vehicle types and driving conditions. The second
approach focuses on measuring physiological
changes of drivers, such as eye activity measures,
heart beat rate, skin electric potential, and
electroencephalographic (EEG) activities [13]–[28].
Stern et al. [13] reported that the eye blink duration
and blink rate typically are sensitive to fatigue
effects. Van Orden et al. [14] further compared the
eye-activity-based methods to EEG-based methods
for alertness esti-mates in a compensatory visual
tracking task. It also indicated that the EEG-based
method can use a shorter moving-averaged window
to track second-to-second fluctuations in the subject
performance in a visual compensatory task.
The Hardware System
Micro controller: This section forms the control unit
of the whole project. This section basically consists
of a Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like
Crystal with capacitors, Reset circuitry, Pull up
resistors (if needed) and so on. The Microcontroller
forms the heart of the project because it controls the
devices being interfaced and communicates with the
devices according to the program being written.
ARM7TDMI: ARM is the abbreviation of Advanced
RISC Machines, it is the name of a class of
processors, and is the name of a kind technology too.
The RISC instruction set, and related decode
mechanism are much simpler than those of Complex
Instruction Set Computer (CISC) designs.
L293D driver motor: The L293 is an integrated
circuit motor driver that can be used for
simultaneous, bi-directional control of two small
motors. The L293 is limited to 600 mA, but in reality
can only handle much small currents unless you have
done some serious heat sinking to keep the case
temperature down. Unsure about whether the L293
will work with your motor? Hook up the circuit and
run your motor while keeping your finger on the
chip. If it gets too hot to touch, you can't use it with
your motor.
Accelerometer: Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems,
or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general
form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and
electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and
structures) that are made using the techniques of
micro fabrication.
GSM Modem: GSM/GPRS RS232 Modem from
rhydo LABZ is built with sim com Make SIM900
Quad-band GSM/GPRS engine, works on
frequencies 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and
1900 MHz It is very compact in size and easy to use
as plug in GSM Modem.
III. Design of Proposed Hardware System
The primary purpose of the Drowsy Driver Detector
is to develop a system that can reduce the number of
accidents from drowsy driving. With our two
monitoring steps, we can provide a more accurate
detection. For the detecting stage, the eye blink
sensor always monitoring eye blink moment. It
continuously monitoring eye blink moment the
monitoring stage is over, the collected data will be
transmitted to a micro controller, and the micro
controller digitizes the analog data. If the warning
feedback system is triggered, the micro controller
makes a decision which alert needs to be activated.
And the second application in this paper was to detect
the alcohol detection and also to track the vehicle to
find the culprit and in intimation to the Control Room
with their location, and also the vehicle can be
stopped. In this we use of GSM modem to trace the
vehicle and also to inform to the control room. And
also the indicator is fixed in the front and back of the
vehicle to show to the opposite vehicle by means of
this the driver can able to identify that driver was
drunk. For the alert systems, we have two devices a
beeper and an electric shocker.
GSM Module
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is
a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used
in many parts of the world. The mobile
communications has become one of the driving
forces of the digital revolution. Every day, millions
of people are making phone calls by pressing a few
buttons. Little is known about how one person's voice
reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of
miles away. Even less is known about the security
measures and protection behind the system. The
complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people
begin sending text messages and digital pictures to
their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly
turning into a handheld computer. All the features
and advancements in cell phone technology require a
backbone to support it. The system has to provide
security and the capability for growth to
accommodate future enhancements. General System
for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the
many solutions out there. GSM has been dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to
realize why GSM provides a secure and confidential
method of communication.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is
a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used
in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the
most widely used of the three digital wireless
telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user data,
each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the
900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.
GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal
success in mobile telecoms over the last decade.
Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband
services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new
demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its
international roaming capability, giving consumers a
seamless service. This has been a vital driver in
growth, with around 300 million. In the Americas,
today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly,
with market potential of 500 million in population,
due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows
operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to
GSM technology too.
GSM together with other technologies is part of an
evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that
includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD),
General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced
Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). GSM
security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and
legal interception continue to raise significant interest
in the GSM community. The purpose of this portal is
to raise awareness of these issues with GSM security.
The mobile communications has become one of the
driving forces of the digital revolution. Every day,
millions of people are making phone calls by
pressing a few buttons. Little is known about how
one person's voice reaches the other person's phone
that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known
about the security measures and protection behind the
system. The complexity of the cell phone is
increasing as people begin sending text messages and
digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell
phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer.
All the features and advancements in cell phone
technology require a backbone to support it. The
system has to provide security and the capability for
growth to accommodate future enhancements.
General System for Mobile Communications, GSM,
is one of the many solutions out there. GSM has been
dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to realize why GSM provides a secure and
confidential method of communication.