18-07-2014, 12:54 PM
Indian Railways
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1. INTRODUCTION
Indian Railways is an Indian state owned enterprise, owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi) of track over a route of 65,000 km (40,000 mi) and 7,500 stations. As of December 2012, it transported over 25 million passengers daily (over 9 billion on an annual basis). In 2011, IR carried over 8,900 million passengers annually or more than 24 million passengers daily (roughly half of which were suburban passengers) and 2.8 million tons of freight daily. In 2011–2012 Indian Railways had revenues of 1119848.9 million (US$17 billion) which consists of 696759.7 million (US$11 billion) from freight and 286455.2 million (US$4.4 billion) from passengers tickets.
Railways were first introduced to India in 1853 from Bombay to Thane. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit, the Indian Railways, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. IR operates both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multi-gauge network of broadmetre and narrow gauges. It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities at several places in India and are assigned codes identifying their gauge, kind of power and type of operation. Its operations cover twenty four states and three union territories and also provides limited international services to Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
4. ICF coaches
Started in 1952, the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) is located in Chennai, India. Its primary products are rail coaches. Most of the coaches manufactured are supplied to the Indian Railways, but it has also manufactured coaches for railway companies in othercountries,including Thailand, Burma, Taiwan, Zambia, Philippines, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, Nigeria, Mozambique, Bangladesh,Angola and Sri Lanka. The coach factory provides primarily for the Indian Railways, a number of different coaches - first and second class coaches, pantry and kitchen cars, luggage and brake vans, self-propelled coaches, electric, diesel and mainline electric multiple units (EMU, DMU, MEMU), metro coaches and Diesel Electric Tower Cars (DETC), Accident Relief Medical Vans (ARMV), Inspection Cars (RA), Fuel Test Cars, Track Recording Cars, the latest coaches are for the Deccan Odyssey (a luxury train of the Indian Railways), and coaches for MRVC. However the air-conditioned train-sets manufactured by ICF for Kolkata Metro have repeatedly broken down causing disruption of services causing immense problem to commuters. According to newspaper reports the air-conditioned rakes have been sent to Kolkata without conducting dry runs because the Integral Coach Factory does not have third rail testing facilities.
. Coach Maintenance History Card
i) Every coaching depot shall have computers for maintaining the coach maintenance history in a software programme which should be compatible with the programme of the coaching workshop.
ii) The "Coach Maintenance History Card" (MHC) for each of its coaches. The card will contain records of maintenance schedules including POH and special repairs in shops. It will also show thehistory of the coach from the time the coach is placed in service till its condemnation and will give details of allmajor repairs like wheel changing, bogie changing, etc.
iii) The complete history book of each coach, consisting of maintenance history cards,
date card, trial card, etc. will, however, be maintained by the base workshops. When a coach is sent for POH or special repairs, a copy of its maintenance history card should be sent by its base depot to the workshops for record in its complete history book.
iv) The workshops should send a new maintenance history card (MHC) giving the condition of the coach, the list of important fittings and furniture in case of Air Conditioned coaches, dining cars, etc., defects and deficiencies of the fittings, if any, to the base depot when a coach is turned out of workshops after POH or special repairs. Any special instructions regarding the coach for its base depot should also be maintained in the card. If modifications are carried out, they should be indicated in the card under its appropriate column. Similarly, if trial fittings/ components are fitted or materialsare on trial on the coach, the details of the fittings/ components or the materials, the authority for conducting such a trial, the purpose of the trial, the nature and the frequency of the observations to be made ,the type of interim/final reports required to be submitted, the name and the address of the authority to whom it is to be
submitted and any other instruction in detail should be maintained in a "Trial Card" which should be sent by the workshops to the base depot for compliance of the instructions. The base depot, on receipt of the coach from the shop, will check the fittings/ articles in the coach with the list sent by the workshops and note all the instructions for compliance. It will also make examinations and observations as prescribed in respect of trial fittings,components or materials and submit the trial reports to the appropriate authority as prescribed in the Trial Card received with the coach.
AIR BRAKE SYSTEM
The air brake system. An air brake is a conveyance braking system actuated by compressed air. Modern trains rely upon a fail-safe air brake system that is based upon a design patented by George Westinghouse on March 5, 1868.
The Westinghouse system uses air pressure to charge air reservoirs (tanks) on each car. Full air pressure signals each car to release the brakes. A reduction or loss of air pressure signals each car to apply its brakes, using the compressed air in its reservoirs.
INTRODUCTION
In Air Brake system compressed air is used for operating the brake system. The locomotive compressor charges the feed pipe and the brake pipes throughout the length of the train. The feed pipe is connected to the auxiliary reservoir and the brake pipe is connected to the brake cylinder through the distributor valve.
Brake application takes place by dropping the pressure in the brake pipe.
There are three stages of operation
FILTRE
A particulate air filter is a device composed of fibrous materials which removes solid particulates such as dust, pollen, mould, and bacteria from the air. A chemical air filter consists of an absorbent or catalyst for the removal of airborne molecular contaminants such as volatile organic compounds orozone. Air filters are used in applications where air quality is important, notably in building ventilation systems and in engines.
XIII)EVAPORATOR
An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.
An evaporator is used in an air-conditioning system to allow a compressed cooling chemical, such as R-22 (a.k.a Freon) or R-410A, to evaporate from liquid to gas while absorbing heat in the process. It can also be used to remove water or other liquids from mixtures. The process of evaporation is widely used to concentrate foods and chemicals as well as salvage solvents. In the concentration process, the goal of evaporation is to vaporize most of the water from a solution which contains the desired product. In the case of desalination of sea water or in Zero Liquid Discharge plants, the reverse purpose applies; evaporation removes the desirable drinking water from the undesired product, salt.