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Dual Clutch Transmission
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ABSTRACT
The Bio-Bug has been converted by a team of British engineers to be powered by biogas, which is produced from human waste at sewage works across the country.
They believe the car is a viable alternative to electric vehicles.
Excrement flushed down the lavatories of just 70 homes is enough to power the car for 10,000 miles - the equivalent of one average motoring year.
This conversion technology has been used in the past but the Bio-Bug is Britain's first car to run on methane gas without its performance being reduced.
It can power a conventional two litre VW Beetle convertible to 114mph.
"If you were to drive the car you wouldn't know it was powered by biogas as it performs just like any conventional car. It is probably the most sustainable car around."
The car is started using unleaded petrol but automatically switches to methane when the engine is "up to temperature".
If the methane tank runs out the Bio-Bug reverts back to petrol.
Around 18 million cubic metres of biogas is produced from human waste every year
The gas is generated through anaerobic digestion - where bugs which are starved of oxygen break down biodegradable material to produce methane
INTRODUCTION
A car powered by methane gas has been created by a team of British engineers.
The vehicle named the 'Bio-Bug' is run reliably on biogas, which is produced from human waste at sewage works across the country.
Excrement flushed down the toilets of just 70 homes is enough to power the car for 10,000 miles - the equivalent of one average motoring year.
This conversion technology has been used in the past but the Bio-Bug is Britain's first car to run on methane gas without its performance being reduced.
'If you were to drive the car you wouldn't know it was powered by biogas as it performs just like any conventional car. It is probably the most sustainable car around.'
PURPOSE OF BIO BUG CAR
Driving is one of our daily activities with the most significant impact on the environment therefore choosing a green option is an essential part of a sustainable lifestyle. Bio bug cars are the most popular auto green options. The purpose of hybrid cars is to offer a cutting-edge and practical solution to contemporary drivers and methane gas cars are the most popular options. Some models produce as much as 90% less toxic gases than conventional, non-hybrid vehicles.
Literature Review
A research paper of BIO BUG CAR RUN ON METHAN GAS by By Laura Roberts.In this article it is said thatLord Rupert Redesdale, chairman of The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association, believes that the Bio-Bug could prove to be the future of green motoring.He said: "This is a very exciting and forward-thinking project demonstrating the myriad benefits of anaerobic digestion."Biomethane cars could be just as important as electric cars, and the water regulator Ofwat should promote the generation of as much biogas as possible through sewage works in the fight against climate change." GENeco, which is a sustainable energy company owned by Wessex Water, plans to convert its fleet of vehicles if the Bio-Bug trial proves to be successful.The Bio-Bug emits three tonnes of carbon dioxide in an average year whilst a conventional vehicle emits 3.5 tonnes.
A research paper ofProduction of Biogas by Anaerobic Digestion by KenKrich Don Augenstein .In this article it is said thatThe gas is generated through anaerobic digestion - where bugs which are starved of oxygen break down biodegradable material to produce methane.However, before the gas can be used to power vehicles it must undergo "biogas upgrading" where carbon dioxide is removed to improve performance.The Bio-Bug does 5.3 miles per cubic metre of biogas, which means that just one sewage works could power 95,400,000 miles per year saving 19,000 tonnes of CO2.
METHANE GAS GENERATION PROCESS
The gas is generated through anaerobic digestion - where bugs which are starved of oxygen break down biodegradable material to produce methane.
However, before the gas can be used to power vehicles it must undergo "biogas upgrading" where carbon dioxide is removed to improve performance.
The Bio-Bug does 5.3 miles per cubic metre of biogas, which means that just one sewage works could power 95,400,000 miles per year saving 19,000 tonnes of CO2.
"This is a very exciting and forward-thinking project demonstrating the myriad benefits of anaerobic digestion.
"Biomethane cars could be just as important as electric cars, and the water regulator Ofwat should promote the generation of as much biogas as possible through sewage works in the fight against climate change." The Bio-Bug emits three tonnes of carbon dioxide in an average year whilst a conventional vehicle emits 3.5 tonnes.
Sewage Derived Methane as a Vehicle Fuel
The aim of the project was the purification of the biogas produced by the sludge treatmentplant - Marquette and its subsequent utilisation as a fuel for the public transport in theMunicipality of Lille. After purification, the gas is compressed to 350 bars to be used inmodified diesel engines of car, The project started in November 1988 and the first bus started operating in March 1994.The purpose of the project was the development of appropriate technologies for theconversion of CARS & city buses so that they can run on methane produced by the biogasplant. The fuel gas should have good energy-efficiency at costs comparable to current fuelprices and the project should result in significantly less air pollution generated by petol/diesel car.
he objective was to purify 1,000 m3 per day of biogas produced in the waste water treatmentas a substitute for 600l vehicle fuel. The biogas treatment consists of counter-current washingto remove CO2 and removal of sulphur by an innovative biological treatment process whichproduces solid sulphur. The biogas is subsequently compressed to 350 bars to be used inmodified diesel engines of the CAR. The modification of the diesel engines tooperate on purified biogas (98% dry methane free of H2S) allows also the utilisation of naturalgas which means that it can be used in case there is a problem with the production and supplyof the purified biogas.The project was initiated by the consortium of GERES/SOLARGO and the Greater Lille
Council. The biogas scrubber was commissioned in June 1995 and a dispenser was installed in theproduction site of LILE-MARQUETTE. The unit was designed to comply withenvironmental constraints andthus the water from the scrubbing operation and the residualgases are recycled through the front-end or removed by a biological filter. The methane lossduring the scrubbing is negligible (0.2%) due to the innovative design of the scrubbing waterdegasification process developed in Lille.
GAS POWERED CAR
Methane gas is very high octane (120 - 130) which allows it to function with high output in spark ignition engines. To compare, the octane level of ordinary petrol in France is 95. The octane level measures the resistance to spontaneous ignition when petrol is compressed and heated. The higher the level, the more utilisation is possible in high output engines.
Light vehicles which are powered by natural gas have petrol engines equipped with gas injection. So that they can work with both carburants the volumetric ratio is adapted to the petrol. But this does not allow for the exploitation of the gas at its octane level - consumption could be less with an engine specifically for gas.
Heavy vehicles are equipped with deisel engines transformed into spark ignition engines : lowering of the volumetric ratio, specific systems for starting and gas injection (the engine no longer works on a deisel cycle but on the spark ignition cycle). In this case the potential of the gas is reached but double carburation is impossible.
A fuel in expansion
The methane could also be an excellent fuel for road vehicles. Methane as a fuel is known in France under the name GNV : vehicle natural gas. It has to be compressed at 200 bars in special reservoirs. It is stored and used in the form of a gas. The amount of gas in 1 m3 for one bar of pressure and at 20°C corresponds to about a litre of deisel fuel. The calorific energy of the gas (is) 8.9 to12.8 KwH/m3 depending on the amount of other gases, particularly CO2, mixed with the methane.
Because of the high pressure for storing a reasonable reservoir, size limits methane-powered vehicles to short distance usage. Methane offers an attractive alternative to deisel and petrol for buses, taxis, vans for artisans, delivery, civil service
6.2Environmental attractiveness
The combustion of natural gas gives off less toxic pollutants. No sulphur, lead or benzene. No measurable particles. No smell or black smoke from the exhaust.
Possibility of reducing global emission of CO2 because this carburant contains the least carbon in its formula.
Chemical equation of the combustion of methane in air : CH4 +2(02 + 3.76 N2) = 2 H2O + CO2 + 2 53.76 N2)+ Energy
Chemical equation of the combustion of deisel in air : C12 H26 + 37/2(02+3.76N2) = 12 CO2 + 13 H2O + 37/2 (3.76 N2) + Energy.
The methane gas produced in the sewage plant has a methane concentration of 97% and is virtually free from particulates (H2S<2ppm, O2<0.2%, H2O<3ppm).
All steps have been takento ensure that only the gas that meets the specifications imposed by Gaz de France is stored inthe storage unit.
The composition of the produced gas is continuously monitored. The energy consumption of the biogas purification unit equals 12.5% of the energy content of the biogas processed.
The availability rate of the biogas purification unit has been increasing steadily upto 41%, however, this has to be improved further.
6.5GAS STORAGE IN CAR
cylinder storage tanks are placed where the client asks. In many cases we have to custom-made legs for the tank´s brackets. In some cases we have to make minor changes to the interior space to mount the tanks. When the tanks have been installed properly we install the intake valve and connect it to the cylinder valve that is placed on the cylinder tank. At last we place the high pressure pipe from the cylinder tanks, under the car and into the engine compartment where it is connected to the regulator that feeds the gas injectors. pvc material for biogas/methane tank1. new material with new technology2. fire retardant, ageing,corrosion and cold resistant3. good at heat absorption and heat insulation4. weather resistant and durable.
8How BIO BUG CAR work
Natural gas or biogas consists mainly of methane (CH4). One important difference of bio-methane to other bio-fuels is that it can be produced very efficiently from almost any biogenic source (green waste, wood, liquid manure) and it does not compete with food production.
Methane is a color- and odorless fuel and very well suited to be used in spark ignited internal combustion engines. The octane number (RON) of about 130 for pure methane is much higher then the one of gasoline. This enables the implementation of high compression ratios and/or enhanced downsizing/boosting concepts. Related to the chemical energy content, methane produces about 25% less CO2 emissions compared to gasoline or diesel fuel. Methane has a simpler oxidation chemistry than the much more complex liquid fossil fuels. This leads usually to lower pollutant emissions. A major challenge for methane vehicles is the catalytic oxidation of the unburned hydrocarbons because they consist mainly from the chemically stable methane.The Bio-Bug has been converted by a team of British engineers to be powered by biogas, which is produced from human waste at sewage works across the country.They believe the car is a viable alternative to electric vehicles.
Excrement flushed down the lavatories of just 70 homes is enough to power the car for 10,000 miles the equivalent of one average motoring year.
This conversion technology has been used in the past but the Bio-Bug is Britain's first car to run on methane gas without its performance being reduced.
It can power a conventional two litre VW Beetle convertible to 114mph.
Mohammed Saddiq, of sustainable energy firm GENeco, which developed the prototype, claimed that drivers "won't know the difference".
He said: "Previously the gas hasn't been clean enough to fuel motor vehicles without itaffectingperformance.
"However, through using the latest technology our Bio-Bug drives like any conventional car and what's more it uses sustainable fuel.
"If you were to drive the car you wouldn't know it was powered by biogas as it performs just like any conventional car. It is probably the most sustainable car around.
Infrastructure and Ranges
In many countries, a methane filling infrastructure exists and the natural gas industry invests in a good coverage. In Germany, the gas industry's goal is to operate 1.000 filling stations. In Switzerland, 100 filling stations will be available soon. In a conventional mid-size passenger car, about 20 kg of methane (CNG: Compressed Natural Gas) can be stored in underfloor bottles with nowadays storage technology at 200 bar filling pressure. This is roughly equal to the chemical energy content of 30 liters gasoline. To achieve a sufficient range, the vehicle has obviously to be as efficient as possible. With today's solutions, available passenger CNG cars or light commercial CNG vehicles achieve a range of around 300 km which is sufficient for many applications. However, one major goal in the R&D of methane vehicles is the enhancement of the range to weaken their disadvantage compared with liquid fuel driven vehicles. An increased range can be achieved with four different measures
DISADVANTAGES
One of the biggest complaints about NGVs is that they aren't asroomy as gasoline cars. This is because NGVs have to give up precious cargo and trunk space to accommodate the fuel storage cylinders. Not only that, these cylinders can be expensive to design and build -- a contributing factor to the higher overall costs of a natural-gas vehicle compared to a gasoline-powered car
CONCLUSIONS
With surging demands for petroleum and diesel putting additional burden on economy, especially of developing countries such as India, the alternative fuels and hybrids hold a great future. Any developing country needs to plan its future according to resources available and their source. India is primarily an agriculturist country even although manufacturing and IT boom have taken market by storm. It will be a wise move to encourage Bio-Diesel crops as we have the potential to capture share of the international market. The vast reserves of natural gas further advocate implementation of Hybrid Technology on Indian roads, especially when erratic traffic puts an additional load on the conventional engines and reduces the efficiency of the machines. Hydroforming also has a tremendous potential in Indian market as we are a developing country and now a days many major players in the automotive sector are setting up their manufacturing plants in India, for we not only have money to get the vehicles, but brains to make them too.
Thus through this paper we have advocated for the latest trends or innovations that are set to rock the markets within few years, innovations that will have a straight impact on Indian economy. We have a potential to capture this market and pioneer further research in this sector, so that the instable oil market mania is buried forever and India can make its mark in the automotive sector.