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Nanotechnology, the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely
materials or devices fall in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). One nm is equal
hillionth of a meter (.000000001 m), which is about 50,000 times smaller than the diameter
human hair. Scientists refer to the dimensional range of 1 to 100 nm as the nanoscale,
materials at this scale are called nanocrystals or nanomaterials.
The nanoscale is unique because nothing solid can be made any smaller. It is also unique »».
because many of the mechanisms of the biological and physical world operate on length scales
from 0.1 to 100 nm. At these dimensions materials exhibit different physical properties; thus `
scientists expect that many novel effects at the nanoscale will be discovered and used for
breakthrough technologies.
Nanotechnology is in its infancy, and no one can predict with accuracy what will result
from the full flowering of the field over the next several decades. Many scientists believe it ca A
be said with confidence, however, that nanotechnology will have a major impact on aerospaceg,
energy production and conservation; environmental cleanup and protection; electroniea,
computers, and sensors; and world security and defense.
The scientific community began serious Work in nanoscience when tools.
in the late 1970s and early 19805 first to probe and later to manipulate.
and systems at the nanoscale. These tools include the transmission electron
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force microscope (AFM), and the scanning tunneling
NAN MATERIALS IN AEROSPACE
2,1 Introduction
This chapter identifies some of the technical challenges and the key research efforts in the
field of nanomaterials for aerospace applications. Specifically, it focuses on carbon nanotube-
reinforced polymers and materials produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD). Selected
European projects and world conferences related to aerospace are included. The state of the art of
polymernanocomposite research is also reviewed.
ln the aerospace industry, there is a great need for new materials which exhibit improved
mechanical properties. Materials possessing high strength at a reduced mass and size make
lighter aircraft with lower fuel consumption. The development of new materials with tailored
properties is a primary goal of today’s materials science and engineering.
2.2 Nanotube-Reinforced Composites
The extraordinary stiffness, higher than that of diamond (ten times higher than that of any
other available material), high toughness, changeable conductivity and the specific tensile
stnength of carbon nanotubes (CNTS) makes them eminently suited as reinforcing elements in
macroscopic composites. With a potential high strength-to-weight ratio and multifunctionality
3
nanotube reinforced polymer composites may provide a unique option for the aviaticmn
Their use can enhance a material s ability to resist vibration and fire Fictionalrztatirnn
Siluiermgtlaen nanotube-matrix interactions, allowing
groperties of CNT reinforced composites. .
mfpolynaenemfbedded nanotubes and nanotube fibers also have been sblormttm
to toxic materials like
their use can be hampered by their increased;
V Nanostructured metals can provide very hard coatings that are resistant to coi'r SM5F\¢v
l1Seful for applications including aerospace components, such as landing gear and const1‘uc;ti011
equipment such as drill bits and bulldozer blades
2.4 The projects related to aircraft company business
Airbus Industries and the MITRE Corporation’s Centre for Advanced Aviation System
Development (CAASD) (O’Donnell) are focused on obtaining the highest performance, a
‘maintenance-free’ airframe and environmental friendliness. However, although
nanotechnologies promise significant benefits for aerospace applications, mature and robust
Solutions are mandatory.
For this purpose, in order to meet future challenges and to incorporate worldwide best
state-of the-art technological solutions, cooperation with external suppliers and strategic partners
is essential. For example, the Airbus Industry in State is interested in manufacturing some
composite parts (vertical stabilizers, pressure bulk heads, etc.) for all types of aircraft. The
project entitled: “Self-Healing Intermetallics (Metal, Polymer) Matrix Composites” is taking
place at universities in the Netherlands to develop 20neW concepts in design and to apply self-
healing mechanisms in the context of intermetallic alloys and intermetallic-based composite
Materials.
The INTAS project “Nanocomposite sliding bearings for air bleed valves”
2005-2007) aims to develop new nanocomposite materials for the production
A hearing sleeves used in the (A3 80) AIRBUS aircraft air conditioning system.