14-01-2013, 04:46 PM
SEMINAR ON BIOFERTILZERS
1BIOFERTILZERS.ppt (Size: 1.22 MB / Downloads: 86)
WHAT IS BIOFERTILIZERS ?
Biofertilizers are important alternative source of plant nutrition.
Biofertilizers are the living product .
It is biologically active product consisting of bacteria, algae & fungi (single or in combination).
It is the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolytic microorganisms needed for application to seed, crpoes etc.
The basic raw material for biofertlizer is the diffferent types of organic wastes like crop, animal and farm waste, aquatic waste and other biological material along with beneficial microorganism.
Every microoganism and hence each type of biofertilizer has a specific capacity and function.
It supply the nutrients to the soil by biological activity.
Their utility can be enhanced by selecting efficient organisms, culturing them and adding them to the soil directly or through seeds.
Bioferrtilizers help to rise the growth of seed and developament of crops, in other term it increase the fertility enhance the structure of soil.
WHY SHOULD WE USE BIOFERTILIZERS ?
The world’s population is going on increase rapidly as time passes. i.e. continuous increase in demand of food.
The use of chemical fertilizers to increase grain production is the most common practice in farming.
Nitrogen- major element required by the plant for growth and development but it’s provided in the form of chemical fertilizer.
On the other hand the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers in India is more than its production.
The consumption of these inorganic fertilizers in 1951 was 0.05 million tonnes and now it has crossed 10 million tonnes.
The chemical fertilizers are : # quite expensive. # create pollution problems. # create health hazards problems. # depends on non-renewable fossil fuels.
# repeated use of chemical fertilizers destroys soil fertility.
So to overcome whole these problems the biotechnology i.e. biofertilizers are used .
DISCRIPTION OF AZOLLA FILICULOIDES
Azolla - free floating aquatic fern used as an manure.
Six species of Azolla : A. caroliniana, A. nilotica, A. filiculodes, A. mexicana, A . microphylla and A. pinnata.
Azolla has become a common organic input in rice cultivation.
Azolla filiculoides grows in ditches and stagnant water along with other water weeds.
The furn usually forms a green mat over water which often becomes reddish due to the accumulation of anthocyanin pigmants.
The plant has a floating branches stem, deeply bilobed leaves which are arranged alternatively on the stem and true roots which penetrate the body of water.
Each leaf has a dorsal fleshy lobe which is exposed to air that contains chlorophyll and a ventral lobe which is thin, partially submerged in water and lacks chlorophyll.
It has algal symbiont (Anabaena azollae) within a central cavity.
The alga fixes atmospheric nitrogen and is present at all stages of growth and development of the fern.
There are multicellular epidermal hairs lining the cavities which house the algal symbiont and these hairs may be involved in the transport of nutrients between the two symbionts.