21-08-2012, 11:38 AM
FABRICATION OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY SPEED BREAKER
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ABSTRACT
Every thing is running by energy in nature. Either it is living thing or any machine; they required energy for their proper operation. There are two types of energy sources i.e. renewable and non renewable resources.
The non renewable resources are limited in nature. They will be ended from the earth after a certain period of time. Thus it is very necessary to invent the other renewable energy resources.
This project works for the utilizing the kinetic energy of a running vehicle. The kinetic energy (i.e. mechanical energy) is converted into electrical energy (i.e. electricity) by using dynamo. This electricity is stored in the battery bank and use for various purposes.
When the weighted vehicle is passing through the speed breaker, the cylindrical roller rotate due to transfer the motion from the wheels to roller. Thus the roller rotates and will cause to rotate the transmission shaft. The one end of the transmission shaft is connected to dynamo. The gears are used to increase the rotation of dynamo armature at rated speed. This will cause to generate the electricity. This electricity is stored in the battery bank and can be used for various purposes.
This project helps to save the non renewable resources of power generation. The major consumption of this electricity is at the road ang street lighting and other related applications. The electricity can be produced at lower cost.
INTRODUCTION
The word energy from the Greek energeia, "activity, operation", from energos, "active, working" is a scalar physical quantity that is a property of objects and systems which is conserved by nature. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. We use energy to do work and make all movements. When we eat, our bodies transform the food into energy to do work. When we run or walk or do some work, we ‘burn’ energy in our bodies. Cars, planes, trolleys, boats, and machinery also transform energy into work. Work means moving or lifting something, warming or lighting something. There are many sources of energy that help to run the various machines invented by man.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. But it can be converted from one form to another form. This law is known as conservation of energy. Total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the earth.
Law of conservation of energy:-
The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in any isolated system remains constant but cannot be recreated. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space.
According to energy conservation law the total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system.
In thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems, It states that “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. But it can be transformed from one form to another form of energy.”
The conservation of energy is a fundamental concept of physics along with the conservation of mass and the conservation of momentum.
Wooden Sheet:-
The wooden sheet is made of plywood. It is used to make the base and tapper part of the project. Plywood is a type of engineered wood made from thin sheets of wood veneer, called plies or veneers. The layers are glued together, each with its grain at right angles to adjacent layers for greater strength.There are an odd number of plies.
A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinkage, twisting/warping, and its general high degree of strength. It has replaced many dimensional lumbers on construction applications for these reasons.
Transmission Shaft:-
Roller shaft is used to support the roller cylinder. It has bearings at its both ends. The bearing is holds the roller cylinder and transfers the motion from cylinder to shaft. It is made of cast iron. The roller shaft is subjected to the high variable loads. The one end of the shaft is coupled with the shaft of dynamo. It transfers the rotation from roller cylinder to the dynamo which will generate the magnetic flux. This will cause to generate the electricity. It is subjected to various stresses such as bending stress, torsional shear stress, tensile stress etc. The design consideration of the shaft is described as follows-
Design against static load:-
The transmission shaft supporting gears and pulleys are subjected to a combined load of banding and torsional moments. The shaft materials are ductile and the principle stress theory of failure is used to determine the shaft diameter. When the shaft is subjected to bending moment and torsional moment, the bending stress and torsional shear stress .
Ball Bearing:-
A ball bearing is the type in which the balls are used as a rolling element. The balls are placed inside the gap between the inner and outer race.
The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. One of the races is held fixed. As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were rotating on each other.
Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.
Compared to other bearing types, the ball bearing is the least expensive, primarily because of the low cost of producing the balls used in the bearing.
Roller Bearing:-
A roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length than diameter in the gap between outer and inner races.
Roller bearings have higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a low axial capacity and higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing or a spherical roller bearing.