16-06-2014, 03:24 PM
FABRICATION OF MINI HYDROELECTRIC GENERATOR
FABRICATION OF MINI HYDROELECTRIC GENERATOR.docx (Size: 1.33 MB / Downloads: 18)
1 Introduction
Even the most basic human physical actions, like walking, have been helped by tools since the beginning of civilization. The walking stick is a simple tool to assist a person walking. It has aided people from the most athletic of hikers and trekkers, to the physically disabled and balance impaired, to the casual walker and collector of sticks.
The walking stick comes in an endless variety of shapes, colors, sizes, fashions, constructions and purposes. They range from simple tree branches, felled and carved into a smooth, wooden walking apparatus, to manufactured metal or wooden straight sticks sold in stores. They come with rubber grips, different handles, different accessories, and always different lengths and colors.
Walking sticks have also served a variety of purposes, such as canes to the injured or muscle weakened. To the injured, a walking stick eases the strain on what might be a weakened leg by putting weight on the other side when held opposite the injury. To the balance impaired or weak framed, the walking stick helps maintain an upright posture and serves as a “third leg,” distributing weight and easing the pressure on weak muscles or bad knees.
So, “ALL IN ONE STICK”, is a multipurpose stick which can be used by old-aged or handicapped persons, who are incapable of walking on their own or who requires a support while walking. The highlighting characteristics of this stick are like, it contains a LED torch, a multiple leg stand, a self operated alarm system and a liver operated picking system
Needs
As we all know, that an old-aged person or a handicapped person always require a support while he tries to walk or move from one place to another. Hence normally these types of persons prefer to keep a stick in their hand while walking in order to get a support. The sticks available in market are of such type that they can give support while walking. The stick which we have designed is a multipurpose stick with many additional features, apart from giving support. Many old age persons suffers from low eyesight during night, this could be helped out by our LED torch feature present in our stick. The same stick can be used as a torch to provide a clear observation in dark. Also, if some has an emergency and is in need of calling somebody and if he is unable to speak or shout loudly, can use the same stick to produce a loud sound alarm. Hence he can be helped out by a nearby person who can rush to help him out by hearing the alarm.
The same stick can be used to pick some nearby object using its liver operated picking mechanism. Hence all these needy features make this stick an important need for old age or handicapped persons.
1.3 Objectives
• The aim of development of this project is towards providing efficient and simple stalk (stick) which can help the adults and handicapped person.
• The stick which we have designed is a multipurpose stick with many additional features, apart from giving support.
• The main objectives are to provide facility to those who suffers from low eyesight, walking problems.
• To get the desired output, we have fabricated the versatile stalk by using picking mechanism, lighting system and alarm system.
1 WHAT IS THE VERSATILE STALK?
A versatile stalk is also called the walking stick and also has other names like cane, crutches.A walking stick is a device used by many people to facilitate balancing while walking.
Walking sticks come in many shapes and sizes, and can be sought by collectors. Some kinds of walking stick may be used by people with disabilities as a crutch. The walking stick has also historically been known to be used as a defensive or offensiveweapon, and may conceal a knife or sword as in a swordstick.
Walking sticks, also known as trekking poles, pilgrim's staffs, hiking poles or hiking sticks, are used by hikers for a wide variety of purposes: to clear spider webs, or part thick bushes or grass obscuring the trail; as a support when going uphill or a brake when going downhill; as a balance point when crossing streams, swamps or other rough terrain; to feel for obstacles in the path; to test mud and puddles for depth; and as a defense against wild animals. A walking stick can be improvised from nearby felled wood. More ornate sticks are made for avid hikers, and are often adorned with small trinkets or medallions depicting "conquered" territory. Wood walking sticks are used for outdoor sports, healthy upper body exercise and even club, department and family memorials. They can be individually handcrafted from a number of woods, and may be personalized in many ways for the owner.
SPECIAL FEATURES
The remarkable features of ‘ALL IN ONE STICK’ are as follows –
1) GOOD GRIPPING:
The stick is designed in such a way that the head of stick is a good gripped part, which when holded by our hand gives a tight and comfortable gripping. This helps in balancing the stick properly and one can walk very comfortably using this stick.
2) PICKING MECHANISM:
The stick provides a picking mechanism using which one can pick any small object as and when required. If the person using this stick is incapable of bending down and if he has to pick his slipper which is beneath the bed or if he has to pick a fallen handkerchief, than this stick can be best used for these purposes. The picking mechanism helps to do the same. This mechanism is a liver-operated mechanism. A liver is fixed near the head of the stick, by pressing the liver slightly one can pick small objects by this stick very easily. Hence this is one of the remarkable features present in this stick as compared to other sticks present in the market.
3) TORCH (LED):
The other important feature of this stick is that, it contains a battery operated torch; viz, which can be used in the dark room or dim light areas. This torch can be used when the light suddenly goes off and there is dark all around. To walk safely in the dark place is one of the risky task, but this stick helps to overcome the darkness by using its torch. Hence it would help the person and keep oneself safe and confident while walking in dark. It would also help to find things in dark. The torch works on a 12v battery and it would work approximately for 6 months. Hence this feature is considered as one of the most important feature in this stick.
4) FOLDABLE:
All in one stick contains multiple features, but its designed in such a way that it could be folded and bought to its shortest possible size, which makes it handy and flexible to be moved from one place to another. As it can be folded its size gets reduced and consumes very less space in the room and while carrying away from one place to another.
5) LIGHT WEIGHT WITH HOLLOW PIPE:
The stick provides ample of features, but it doesn’t mean that it is bulky or weighted, but on the contrary it is light weighted and very handy. The material used to design the stick is a hollow pipe of a light weighted material which plays a major role in reducing the overall weight of the stick. Hence, the stick can be used safely and comfortably.
6) ADJUSTABLE LENGTH:
All in one stick is designed in such a way that, its length can be increased for tall persons or can be decreased for shorter persons, providing a comfort support. This is also one of the important features of ‘ALL IN ONE STICK’
PICKING LINKAGE
Picking linkage is also like a cable. A cable is most often two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted, or braided together to form a single assembly, but can also refer to a heavy strong rope. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling, and towing or conveying force through tension.
Wire rope and mechanical cable is wound from high-strength metal strands for structural, mechanical actuation and motion control applications. When lever or handle is pressed, the jaws are opened and pick the thing which required. It contains no suitable means to take up the effects of wear during use
LED LIGHT
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players and other domestic appliances. LEDs are also used in seven-segment display
ALARM
It is a battery operated alarm system which can be used in emergency. If the person using this sticks falls down or need any urgent help and in a need to call a nearby person and if the person is unable to shout, this stick can be used to produce a loud sound alarm just by pressing one switch, so that the nearby person can approach as soon as possible to help him out.
An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Alarms have the capability of causing a fight-or-flight response in humans. It consists of a speaker as an alarm system, battery and two way switches. The alarm speaker is connected to the battery terminal and two way switch when the switch is toggled in the right hand side direction, the alarm system is on and when it is in middle position, it will be off
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
• New and innovative product.
• New design with ultimate features.
• Production cost is low in mass production.
• No such product is available in the market.
• Very helpful for old aged and handicapped persons.
6.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
In future, many modifications can be made such as:
• We can make master production by using this stalk.
• A three jaw stand can be attached at the base of the stick.
• The weight of the stick can be reduced by using plastic material instead of the mild steel and aluminum and hence its cost can be reduced to a considerable cost to a considerable extent.
6.3 REFERANCE
http/www.technologystudentcam/englink/com
http/www.wiki.answer
http/www.electronicprojectdesign
http/www.merriamwebster
http/2wayswitch
http/mywebsearch
http/mywebsearch