09-11-2016, 03:44 PM
HYBRID VEHICLES.doc (Size: 897.5 KB / Downloads: 5)
ABSTRACT:
Fr om l ong ba ck c o ns ume r s & car makers are faci ng
troubles f r om two reason s viz., hike in oil pric es and increased tail
pipe em issions (pollution).
To mi n i mi ze t he s e tr oubles and to give bet ter economi c
ga in s to Auto u se r s a s p e c i al, in nov ativ e idea is evo l v e d i. e. ,
Hybridization T e chnology. In th is hybrid m e thod two kinds of
energy sources are needed to power a car. H e re som e part of th e
wast e ener gy i s ut ili ze d to powe r the ve hi cle . The s e ve hic l e s have
som e ad d i tion al features lik e Re generative brakin g, Continuous
Variable Transm ission (CVT) co mpar ed t o conventi onal car s
Hybrid vehicles can reduce the dependency on gasoline.
This is a healthy sign to pr ot ect the mot h er Earth and to give a
clean environm ent to our fut u r e ge ner a ti ons . So the hybrid vehicles
in sp ite of few drawb ack s can caus e a m a jo r revo lu tion in the f u tu r e
ve hic le dei g ns .
Ultimately present pa per is r e ga rding:
• Need for hybrid age
• Wha t is hybrid ve hic le?
• W o rking of hybrid structure.
• Types of hybridization.
• About hybri d per forma nc e .
• Advantages of hybrid cars.
Introduction:
Have you ever th ought of traveling in your car
which can give better m ileage and gi ve l e s s c o ntri buti ng t o the
greenho us e eff e ct? It is the hybrid car w h ic h has both of them .
“An y veh i cle th at co m b ines tw o or m o re sources of
power t h at can directl y or indirectly provid e propulsion power is a
hybrid.”
Som e are nucl ear -electri c and some are di esel-
electric. T h e g a so lin e -electric hyb rid c a r is ju st wh at it sounds like-
-a cross betw een a Gasoline powered car and an Electr ic car. Hybr id
ca r a t tem p ts s i gn if ican tly to in creas e the m i leag e an d red u ce th e
em issions of a gas-powered car wh ile overcom i ng th e shortcom ings
of an electri c car and increa sed em issions of gasoline car.
A GASOLINE-POW E RD CAR:
A gasoline powered car has a
fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. When the IC engine runs it turns the wheels and the transmission is done.
AN ELEC TRIC -PO W ERD CAR:
An electric car on the
other has a set of batteries
t h at pr ovides el ectr i cit y to an
electric m o tor. W h en th e m o tor ru ns it tu rn s the wheels and the transmission
is done. P O W E R TRAIN IN E LECTRIC CARS
Any car said to be has good util ity i f i t ha s ce rta i n mi ni mum
requ irem ents. T h e car sh ou ld be ab le to :
Drive at least 30 0 m iles (482.8km ph) betw een re-fueling
Be r e fuel ed quic kl y a n d ea sil y
Keep up w i th th e oth e r traffic on th e ro ad
A gaso lin e car m e ets thes e requ irem ents but produces a r e la tive ly
large am ount of pollut ion and generally gets a poor m i leage. An
electric car how ev er, pr oduces alm o st no pollut io n, bu t th e elec tr ic
car is very slow, in convenient to rechar ge and also anem ic.
COMPLEX HYBRID-POW E RD CARS :
A gasoline-electric car (Hyb rid car) co m b ines th es e tw o
setups into one system that leve rages both gas power and electric
power.
Hybrid Stru cture:
A gasoli ne-el ect ric hybri d car co ntains the follow ing parts:
Gasoline engine : The hybrid car has a gaso line much like the one
you w ill f i nd on m o st cars. H o wever, the IC engine in a hybrid is
relatively smaller and us es adv a n ced tech nologies to reduce
em iss i o n s and in crease efficien cy wh en com p ared with conv en tion al
cars .
Fuel tank : The fuel tank in a hybrid is the en ergy storag e device
for t h e gas o l i ne engi ne .
Electric mo t o r : The el ect ric mot o r on a hybrid car is very
sophisticated. Advanced electron ics allow it to act as a m o tor as
well as a generator. Fo r exam ple, wh en it need s to give pow er to the
car it can dr aw energy fr om t h e batteri es t o accel erat e the car.
W h ile a c ting as a gen e ra to r, it c a n slow the car down and return
ene r gy to th e b a tte r ies.
Generator: Th e ge n e r a to r is s i m i lar to an e l e c t r i c m o to r, but it
ac ts on ly to p r o d u c e e l e c t r i c a l pow er . I t is used m o stly on series
hybrids.
Batteries: The batteries in a hybri d car are th e energy s t o r age
device for the el ectri c mot o r . Unli ke th e g a s o line in th e f u el tan k ,
which can only pow er th e ga soli ne e n gine , the electric motor on a
hybrid car can put energy in to th e ba tte r ie s a s we ll a s d r aw ene r gy
from them.
Transmission: The tra n sm is sion in a hybrid car perform s a
cor r el ati o n bet w een ga soline pow er system and electric pow er
system .
TYPES OF HYBRID CONFIGUARATION :
W e com b ine the two pow er sources found in a hybrid car in
different ways. One way known as parallel hybrid & other as series
hybrid.
Parallel H ybrids :
I n a Par a lle l Hybri d ve hic l e , bo th t
e n gi ne( c ombi ne d) or a n y one(a l one Batteries can b e recharg e d by elect while decelerating
Work ing:
There ar e currentl y t w o mai n hybri d cars on the m a rket in the USA,
one produced by Honda; th e "I ns ight ", and the ot he r by Toyota ; t h e
"P rius ". Both v e h i c l es have a parallel type conf iguration.
I n parall el hybri d conf iguration at low sp eed s the IC eng i ne w i ll
be turned off, and th e car w ill b e pow ered by the el ect ric mot o r .
Once a speed of abou t 15m ph is reached the I C e n gi ne will be
t u r n e d on. Now I C e n gi ne a l one i s s u ppl yi ng powe r t o the ve hic l e .
After th e veh i cle cross e s a sp eed of 60 m ph the electric m o tor tu rns
on and now both the IC eng i n e an d electric m o to r are su pp lyin g the
power. T h e engine speed will not change m o re so m o stly it i s
runni ng in i t s most effi cient rang e, pow erin g th e car an d tu rn in g a
generator, which prov ided the electric mo tor with the power it
r e qui r es. The overall out p ut speed is then cont r o ll ed by t h e constant
speed of the engine (pro viding it on) plus th e varying speed of the
electric moto r.
Gi vi ng t h e ove r al l vie w of parallel hybrid car:
0-25m p h The car runs on El ect ric mot o r .
25-60m ph Th e car ru ns on IC engine.
>60m ph The car runs on both E l ectric m o tor and IC engine.
Series Hybrids :
In a S e ries H y b r id veh i cle th e eng i n e
i n the vehi cle ne ver a c t u al ly dir ect ly
power s the ve hi cle . Instead it will run
at its m o st effici ent l o ad and speed with the lowest em issions, turning a
gener a t o r , which then eit h er char ges the batteries or pow ers th e electric
mo t o r .
Wor k i n g :
W h en th e pow er o u tp u t of the ca r is equ a l to the av erag e p o we r
requ irem ent that th e eng i n e s i ze w a s s e le c t e d to m a tch, the en gine
will be turning the ge nerator producing this am ount of electrical
power, w h ich w i ll then power the electric m o to r. If the requ ired
power output of th e car is less th an th e average, th e en g i ne will stil l
be running at th e same power, still turning the generator, which will
th en bo th pow er th e m o to r, and wi th th e ex cess pow er ch arge the
battery. O n the other hand w h en the vehi cle i s acceler a ti ng har d t h e
power output is required to b e a m a xim u m . For th is bo th elec tr ic
power f r om the genera tor and the battery is used to supply the
electric m o to r, to p r odu ce p e ak pow er out put . Such vehicles m a y be
fitted w i th a con t ro l s y s t em , so wh en the requ ired ou tpu t p o wer is
l o w (s uc h as i n slow movi ng t r affic) an d th e ba tte r y is f u lly
charged, the engine would turn o ff as it would not be required, and
would turn on when the battery le ve l rea c h e s a po in t whe r e it
requires charging.
H y brid technology :
In hybri d c a r w e use m u sh sm aller
InternalCom bustion (IC)engineThan
c o nve n ti onal I C engi ne . The e n gine effi ci e n c y
c a n be i m pr oved by usi n g smaller, lighter parts,
by reducing the num b er of cylinders and by
opera ti ng t h e e n gi ne Cl os er to it s ma xi muml oa d
Sm a ller IC engine
Ther e are sever a l reasons why small e r engines are m o re efficien t th an
bigger ones:
• The big engine is heav ie r th an th e sm all eng i ne, so the car uses
ex tra en ergy every tim e it acce lerates or drives up a hill.
• The pis t ons and other int e r n a l c o mponents ar e heavi e r , r e qui ring
m o re energy each tim e they g o up and down in t h e cyli nder .
• The d i s placem en t of the cylin ders is larger so more fuel i s requi r ed
by each cylinder.
An electric m otor can wo rk as g e n e rator as there are s i m i lar in
construction. T hus elec tric m o tor draws elect rical energy from
ba tte r ie s to p r op e l th e cart & generator produ ces electrical en ergy
to r ec h a r g e th e b a tte r ie s.
A hybr id c a r r uns on s t raight el ect ri c motor up to 0-
15m ph (25-kph) thus free f r om pollu ti on. Be yond t h a t tr ansmi s s ion
shu t s of f the m o to r & tu rn s o n the m o tor. So 15-60 m ph car runs on
straight gasoline power .If you go sti l l hei g hts &deep accelerat ions
transm ission shuts on m otor too. Th us in higher ac celeration both
power drives are needed .In id le s t ate i.e. s t op &g o traffic
transm ission autom a tically shuts off the engine saving fuel burning.
Advanced features :
1) Regenerative bra k i n g :
Here com e s th e q ues tion :
“How th e ba tte r ie s a r e ge tti ng r ec h ar ged? ”
T h e answer is in conv entional cars its ki neticenergy will be
con v e r te d to h ea t while b r a k in g. Bu t in hy br id s som e of th e ca r ’ s
kinetic energy w ill be reca ptured while decelerating
P r inciple:
W h ile decele rating shaf t of m o tor rota tes in opposite that of
accelerating, thus working as generator. Gene rator captures
breaking energy turns it to electric energy and stores it into
ba tte r ie s.
2) C o ntinuous va riable tra n smission CVT)
I n t h is c o nti n uousl y va ria b l e tr a n s m i s si on CONES re pl ac e
GEARS. The eng i n e sh aft tu rn s a st rive pulley that pushes a belt.
The belt turns a driven pu lle y th a t s p ins th e sh af t to an ax le. In e ac h
pulley, a hydraulic actu at or us er c o mput er c o ntrol m oves the f r ee
c o ne cl ose r or fart he r fr om t h e fi xed c o ne . For hi gh t o r q ue
e q ui val ent t o low ge ar t h e dri v e con e s wid e n an d the belt slide s
down, while the driven
Cones t ighte n a n d be lt sl ides up; for low t o rq ue and high speed, the
opposite m ovem e nts occu r. In between a cont inuous, or infinite,
num ber of “gears ” ar e possi b le.
3) Sometimes shut off the engine :
A hybrid car does not need to rely on the g a s olin e eng i ne all of
t h e ti me because it has an alt e r n ate p ower sou r ce -- th e electric
motor and batteries. So th e h ybrid car can s om e tim e s tu rn off the
gasoline engine, for ex am ple when the veh i cle is stopped at a red
light
4) A d vanced aerodynami cs to
reduce drag:
U s ing better aerial f r ont view
can red u ce air drag force. Reducing distur bances ar ound
objects that stic k out from t h e car
or e lim in a t ing th em altog e the r c a n
also help to im prov e the aerodynam i cs.
5) U s e low-rolling r e sistance tires:
The tires on m o st cars are optim ized to give a sm ooth ride,
m i nim i ze noise, and prov ide good traction in a variety of weather
c o nditi ons
6) U s e lightweight mat e rials :
Re duci ng t h e ove r all weight of a car is one easy wa y to in cr e a s e
th e m i leag e .
Hybrid per f or ma nc e:
Hybr ids ha ve bett er fue l ec onom y i.e.upto 25kph ru ns on fr ee of
cos t & th a t to f r e e o f pollu tio n. In congested city traffic or stop-go
traffic it gains more be n e fits to users. Here are s o m e analys es abou t
fue l ec onomy.
MPG figu res are th e averag e o f reported city and highway
num bers. Fuel cost com p arison is based on th e av erag ed M P G an d
assum e d norm s of 12,000
C o nclusion:
F i nally, hybrid run s ap pro x i m a te ly up to
25kph on free of em issions and fre e of cost, thus announced as
“Eco- f ri endl y car ” .Thus leads to bet t er mi leage an d we can save
our m o the r e a r th f r o m pollu tio n up to som e extent .Com ing to price
of hybrids nearly equal to co s t of con v entio n al cars . M a in tenan c es
& warranties on hybrid com ponent s of Honda & T oyota are up to
eigh ty -y ear/ 100,000 m iles