31-03-2014, 04:30 PM
Harvard referencing
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Preferred styles of referencing differ both between universities and between departments within universities. Within Surrey Business School we use the Harvard System. Even styles that are in wide use such as ‘Harvard’ vary in how they are used in practice by different institutions. When this is combined with the reality that some lecturers apply an adopted style strictly, whilst others are more lenient, it emphasises the need for you to use the precise style prescribed in your assessment criteria. Within business and management, two author-date referencing systems predominate, the Harvard style and the American Psychological Association (APA) style, both of which are author-date systems. The alternative, numeric systems, are used far less widely.
Five points are important when referencing:
Full credit must be given to the author or originator (the person or organization taking main responsibility for the source) when quoting or citing other’s work.
Adequate information must be provided in the reference to enable that work to be located.
References must be consistent and complete.
References must be recorded using precisely the style required by your university and are often part of the marking criteria.
If you fail to reference fully you are likely to be accused of plagiarism (Section 3.8).
As you will see later in this appendix, when referring to electronic documents accessed via the Internet, it is preferable to give the documents DOI (Direct object identifier) rather than their URL (Uniform resource locator –usually its web address). This is because the DOI for an electronic document is permanent whereas its URL may change.
Author-date systems
The Harvard style
Referencing in the text
The Harvard style is an author-date system, a variation of which we use in this book. It appears to have its origins in a referencing practice developed by a professor of anatomy at Harvard University (Neville 2010) and usually uses the author’s or originator’s name and year of publication to identify cited documents within the text. All references are listed alphabetically at the end of the text. Common institutional variations within the Harvard style which are applied consistently include (Neville 2010):
Where there are more than two authors, the names of the second and subsequent authors may or may not be replaced in the text by et al. in italics.
Name(s) of authors or originators may or may not be in UPPER CASE in the list of references.
The year of publication may or may not be enclosed in (brackets) in the list of references.
Capitalisation of words in the title is kept to a minimum rather than being used for Many of the Words in the Title
The title of the publication may be in italics or may be underlined in the list of references.
The style for referencing work in the text and in the list of references or bibliography is outlined in Table A1.1, additional conventions for referencing in the text being given in Table A1.2.
Referencing in the references or bibliography
In the references or bibliography all the sources are listed alphabetically in one list by the originator or author’s family name, and all authors’ family names and initials are normally listed in full. If there is more than one work by the same author or originator, these are listed chronologically. The style for referencing work in the references or bibliography is outlined in Table A1.1. While it would be impossible for us to include an example of every type of reference you might need to include, the information contained in this table should enable you to work out the required format for all your references. If there are any about which you are unsure, Colin Neville’s (2010) book The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism is one of the most comprehensive sources we have found.