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1INTRODUCTION
The system we designed is a solar and wind powered bicycle. The project has a number of benefits to both the team members as well as external benefits through increasing awareness of alternative transportation modes. Despite the environmental friendliness of the project or the projected benefits of more people relying on non-polluting modes of transport, the main reason we selected the project was for the level of interaction between us, the engineers, and our product. Designing a transportation vehicle requires consideration of mechanical objectives, electrical objectives, safety criteria, comfort, user friendliness as well as an array of other objectives which may conflict under various circumstances. We hoped that through navigating our way through this vast set of criteria the satisfaction of completing the project would be much greater than other projects we could have selected. What made it even more challenging was the challenge of adapting an existing system to a set of criteria we determined.
Renewable energy is clean, affordable, domestic, and effectively infinite. It produces no emissions and results in cleaner air and water for all .Revenue from solar and a wind farm helps stimulate local economies that need new roads, schools, libraries, and hospitals. Renewable energy, including wind and solar electricity, offers several benefits compared to fossil-fueled electricity generation.
• Zero-Carbon Electricity: Wind and solar, in contrast to fossil fuels, produce no direct GHG emissions and, thus, offer the promise of zero-carbon electricity generation and a significant role in reducing GHG emissions to avoid climate change.
Other Environmental Benefits: Wind and solar avoid many non-climate-related environmental impacts associated with fossil-fueled electricity. They have no direct air emissions, they do not use large amounts of water, and they do not require environmentally degrading fuel extraction.
• Fuel Diversification/Energy Security: Renewable electricity generation makes the electricity generation system less reliant on coal and natural gas and thus less exposed to volatility in domestic and global fuel markets.
• Economic Development: Many supporters of renewable energy highlight the potential for job creation from investing in more renewable electricity generation
Although renewable, with the exception of hydropower, currently play a minor role in the U.S. electricity supply, supporters have long argued that the United States can and should make a rapid transition to greater use of renewable.
This report focuses on wind and solar technologies as they have a very large remaining resource potential, are commercially available and technically proven, and are the focus of considerable policy attention. The importance of alternative energy seems to be at an all-time high in life today. With threats of pollution, global warming, and environmental catastrophe lurking at the front doorstep, humanity continues to search for alternatives. Over the past few decades people have seen huge advancements in the areas of solar power, wind energy, geothermal energy, among others, which has helped to push society in a better direction. Although it provides a step towards solving the energy crisis, one of the major issues is the funding needed for further research and advancements. Recently, people have seen gas prices soar, making it difficult to fill up their gas tanks, and they demand change. Advancements in alternative energy, though expensive now, could end up saving money in the future. Breakthroughs in this area are essential providing people the change that they have been searching for.
The United States has some of the best wind resources in the world, with enough potential energy to produce nearly 10 times the country's existing power needs. Wind energy is now one of the most cost-effective sources of new generation, competing with new installations of coal, gas and nuclear power. Its cost has dropped steadily over the past few years, as wind turbine technology has improved. Currently, over 400 American manufacturing plants build wind components, towers and blades.
Solar power can also help meet America's energy demand. Solar installations in the United States exceed 3,100 megawatts, enough to power more than 630,000 homes. The solar industry employs more than 100, 000 Americans and grew by 69 percent in 2010, making it one of the fastest growing sectors in the U.S. The price of solar panels has dropped by 30 percent since 2010 and costs continue to fall. The United States was a net exporter of solar products in 2010 by $2 billion.
Wind and solar energy are reliable sources of electricity that can diversify our nation's energy portfolio. However, continued growth of renewable energy in the U.S. faces a serious challenge: the lack of transmission. Clean Line's direct current (DC) projects will deliver thousands of megawatts of renewable energy from the windiest and solar-rich areas of the United States to communities and cities that lack access to new, low-cost, clean power.
In today’s world power is the part and parcel of our lives. It is required for everything - be it the basic necessities like lighting and fans or luxuries like air-conditioners. However, reliable power is not so easily available everywhere. Here we are trying to concentrate to develop an alternative source of power for rural India where power supply is very erratic and unreliable. The basic concept is to store the energy in a battery which can be later used to provide for lighting or can be inverted to run fans etc. A number of variable ways do presently exist to charge a battery. One of them, on which we are going to concentrate, is to charge a battery by using solar panels. The bicycle can be driven by one person. The circuit at present consists of just a diode between the solar panels and the battery. This is a very crude, though simple way to charge a battery.
Now a day the price of the oil keeps on increasing. People want to use petrol, diesel or electricity to run the vehicles. In present scenario, with increasing number of automobiles the need for petroleum products is reaching the peak point. These petroleum products are non-renewable sources and it has a danger of exhaustion in future, so it is better to move to an alternate energy sources. The price of crude oil has increased significantly over the past few years and there seems to be no turning back. The environment has also been more of a focus throughout the world in the past few years, and it seems that cleaner alternatives have been steadily on the rise with no end in sight. Solar power may be also used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions. Rechargeable battery is used with long life for charging. DC electric motor is also used in this project. The solar bicycle is a project that can promote both cleaner technology as well as a lesser dependence on oil. It will run on clean electric power with the ability to recharge the battery three separate ways: through the charger, by generating power through the solar panels, and by wind fan.
Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil fuel prices fluctuate. One of the most popular renewable energy sources is solar energy .More and more people are getting on the solar energy bandwagon. Installing residential solar panels for our home can bring big financial benefits, especially in the form of permanently reduced energy bills. Solar energy is virtually inexhaustible. The total energy we receive from the sun far exceeds our energy demands. It is probably the most reliable form of energy available everywhere and to everyone, unlike other sources. With dwindling supplies of petroleum, gas and coal, tapping solar energy is a logical and necessary course of action. Solar Power is a way of converting sunlight into a useful energy source. There are two ways of using solar energy; as heat and as electricity. Devices like solar water heaters, driers and solar cookers use the heat to produce hot water, to dry grains or to cook food respectively. This way of using solar energy is called solar thermal. On the other hand, solar panels use the light to produce electricity, which can then be used for a multitude of purposes. Many companies in the world are gradually promoting quality as the central customer value and regard it as a key concept of company strategy in order to achieve the competitive edge.
Solar bicycles have been making their way into the U.S. market for about two decades. In the United States, such bicycles can be fully powered by a motor. In other countries such as Japan, solar bicycles are required to operate with 50% human pedal power for up to 12 mi/h, and an even higher percentage of human power is required above that speed. In this article, the term “solar bicycle” is used to describe “solar-motor-powered bicycles,” including both fully and partially motor-powered bicycles. Solar bicycles can be used for a variety of purposes, for instance, as a vehicle for police or law enforcement in cities where parking and traffic are a problem, as a guide bicycle during bicycle races, as a park ranger vehicle, or for leisurely rides and commuting purposes. In the United States, solar bicycles are currently used most commonly for short trips to grocery stores or for leisurely rides.
Human invented most of the things for his comfort and convenience. Electricity is one of them. Now days, the production of electricity more hydraulic power plant, thermal power plant, wind power plant etc are constructed. In the hydraulic power plant the kinetic energy of water is used to run turbine and convert into mechanical energy and again into electrical energy by connecting generator. In the thermal power plant, the kinetic energy of pressurized steam is used to rotate the turbine and generate electricity. In wind power plant, the kinetic energy of wind is converted into electricity. In the human power generator, it works on the principle of convert muscular or physical energy of human being into the electrical energy by means of applying pulley arrangement. The pulley arrangement converts the efforts which is applied by human being into the rotating motion which is used to generate electricity and this electricity will be used as a preliminary requirement of electricity and also use of solar energy by means of solar cell for generation of electricity for use in stationary and mobile condition and also use of AC appliances by use of inverter. By the solar energy, a bicycle can also run. As the solar cell will absorb energy and that energy will be stored in the battery, so that the battery will be charged and bicycle will run forward.
A shift away from conventionally-fueled land transportation vehicles towards greater use of renewable energy fuel sources is needed to manage increasing vehicle usage and associated adverse environmental and human health impacts. Solar and wind powered bicycle provide a means to reduce vehicle emissions within urban areas. Solar panels can utilize solar energy, reducing the demand from power generating stations using non-renewable fuel sources.
An analysis of solar power production from a solar panel in various bicycle riding conditions was conducted. Bicycle performance equations combined with Elora Research Station solar irradiance and meteorological data were utilized in this analysis to identify riding conditions where greater than 25% of the total required power for propulsion can be supplemented by the solar panel. Recharging the system battery during summer daytime hours can replenish the battery charge by 42% over the course of one day, making it a feasible alternative to direct use of solar power generation. A separate analysis determined that increasing the solar collector area to 0.5 m2 could supply over 25% of the total required power and a collector area of 2 m2 would allow the solar system to be completely powered by solar power generation.
Urban transportation around the world is on the rise. As of 2007, over 50% of the world's population lives in urban environments. Mobility within these expanding urban environments increasingly relies on personal transportation vehicles instead of walking. Traditionally, these vehicles have been predominately powered by fossil fuels. The emergence of solar energy provides an alternative means of personal transport. Other forms of power assist bicycles use small conventional gasoline and diesel motors. However, for the purpose of this paper, the vehicles of focus are those that are electrically driven. Solar bicycle use an electric motor and battery system.
Solar bicycle typically do not generate electricity during use; rather they use stored energy from a battery. Solar energy shifts energy consumption from fossil fuels to renewable energy from the sun, ultimately reducing peak energy loading and the pollution associated with non-renewable energy production. The structure of this paper consists of a review of current literature on the current environmental impact of conventional personal vehicle transportation.
Impact of Conventional Land Transportation:
Air pollution resulting from vehicle emissions contributes to poor urban air quality. These emissions include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, some of which are known carcinogens and greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. It is important to distinguish between how such pollution is affecting both the developed and developing world. Adverse effects to human health due to urban air quality are not as prominent in the developed world compared to the developing world. Various government-run programs established throughout the developed world aid in reducing vehicle emissions to some extent through vehicle emission testing and driver education and outreach (Environment Canada, 2004). Lack of infrastructure for creating and implementing such programs in the developing world has caused significantly higher health implications. An estimated 650,000 premature deaths were associated with poor urban air quality in developing countries in the year 2000 (Gwilliametal. 2004). One factor influencing poor urban air quality is increased vehicle use in both the developed and developing countries. In developed nations, dependence on cars for personal transportation has resulted in an increase in total passenger kilometers (Corp and Levin, 2010), single-occupant trips in multiple occupancy vehicles (Ferguson, 1997), and subsequent emissions as a result of these activities. Vehicle rider ship in the developing world is also expected to continue to increase. A report issued by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001) estimates the developing world’s share of cars will rise from 25% in 1995 to 48% by 2050.
Increasing rider ship creates a larger energy demand to power these vehicles. Despite solar power having zero direct emissions, the electricity used to power originates at power generating stations, which can emit a variety of pollutants or have other negative environmental impacts. As discussed in Sawin and Martinet (2010), global energy consumption derived from renewable energy sources is growing, yet 78% of the global energy market is still largely comprised of fossil fuel based technologies. Using renewable energy it would reduce urban air pollution, point source pollution emitted from non-renewable energy based power generating stations, and the overall dependence on fossil fuels. The compounding effects of increasing personal vehicle use and the deterioration of urban air quality from fossil fuel based transportation vehicles has resulted in a shift to seek alternative modes of transportation and energy sources for powering land transportation vehicles.
1.2 Solar bicycles World Wide usage:
The design, manufacture, and use of solar bicycles is growing worldwide, with particular interest in China, Europe, Japan, Taiwan, and to a lesser extent the United States (Muetze and Tan, 2007). Reasons for using solar bicycles vary between developed and developing nations. In developed nations, solar bicycles are generally used for leisurely rides, small errands, or short daily commuting to the workplace (Muetze and Tan, 2007; Transport Canada, 2007). Contrastingly, the growing use of solar bicycles in mega cities of developing countries is attributed to an increasing standard of living. According to Weinertetal (2007), as disposable family income in China increased 82% between 1997 and 2004, sales of solar bicycles grew from 40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005.
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY:
The global search and the rise in the cost of conventional fossil fuel is making supply-demand of electricity product almost impossible especially in some remote areas. Generators which are often used as an alternative to conventional power supply systems are known to be run only during certain hours of the day, and the cost of fueling them is increasingly becoming difficult if they are to be used for commercial purposes. There is a growing awareness that renewable energy such as photovoltaic system and Wind power have an important role to play in order to save the situation.
1.4 SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar energy is energy from the Sun. It is renewable, inexhaustible and environmental pollution free. Nigeria, like most other countries is blessed with large amount of sunshine all the year with an average sun power of 490W/m2/day. Solar charged battery systems provide power supply for complete 24hours a day irrespective of bad weather.
The Solar-generated electricity is called Photovoltaic (or PV). Photovoltaic are solar cells that convert sunlight to D.C electricity. These solar cells in PV module are made from semiconductor materials. When light energy strikes the cell, electrons are emitted. The electrical conductor attached to the positive and negative scales of the material allow the electrons to be captured in the form of a D.C current. The generated electricity can be used to power a load or can be stored in a battery. It is very economical in providing electricity at remote locations especially rural banking, hospital and ICT in rural environments.
PV systems generally can be much cheaper than installing power lines and step-down transformers especially to remote areas. Solar modules produce electricity devoid of pollution, without odor, combustion, noise and vibration. Hence, unwanted nuisance is completely eliminated. Solar energy is one of the best ways to replace petrol or electricity. Climate change from increased concentration in the atmosphere was known already back in the year 1896. It is however not until recent decades that discussions have emerged and no plans have been developed, on how our emissions of greenhouse gases should be reduced. Many cities around the world facing problems with local air pollutions. Decreasing air pollution on a local or global level can be accomplished by switching to vehicles which will run on solar energy. So that impact on environment will be less.
1.4.1 SOLAR POWER:
Solar panel is a device that converts solar energy directly into electrical energy. Solar panel is made up of photo voltaic cells which are made by semiconductor. When sun beam is fall on the PV cell they absorb the heat and electron are emitted from the atom. Due to the movement of the electron current is generated. With this process solar panel convert solar energy directly into the electric energy. For Power calculation we have to study the data mainly the solar radiation at that place. For Jodhpur region the annual solar radiation is 5.79 Kilowatt-h/square/meter. It is very good for power generation. The energy generated by the sun radiation is calculated by the formulae:
P=MY2+NY+O
Where, Y = Solar radiation P = Power Formation and M, N, O are constant by the above formula we can calculate the amount of power generated by the Sun
1.5 WIND ENERGY:
Wind is air in motion caused by natural factors like the uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun, the rotation of the earth and the irregularities of the earth's surface. Wind energy has been used for centuries to move ships, pump water and grind grain. In the twentieth century, windmills were commonly used across the Great Plains to pump water and to generate electricity.
While we’ve been harvesting energy from wind for several decades, it is only in the last few years — as the world has become more concerned about global climate change — that we’ve increased installation of wind turbines to the point where wind has become a noticeable contributor to our energy mix. In 2010, installed wind capacity reached 197 Giga watts (GW) and produced about 2.5% of the world’s electricity. Also in 2010, China surpassed the US in the total amount of installed wind capacity to grab the number one ranking. But number one is perhaps not as impressive when one takes into account the population size and GDP of China (as well as the US). More impressive, when one accounts for country size, are: Denmark, which gets 28.1% of its power from wind (compared to China’s 1-2% and the US’ 3-4%).
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems. In Nigeria, the low level of electricity generation in Nigeria from conventional fossil fuel has been the major constraint to rapid socio-economic development especially in rural communities. More so, about sixty-five percent (65%) of 140million Nigeria populace are rural dwellers with majority of them living far-off grid areas. These rural dwellers are mostly farmers whose socio-economic lives can only be improved when provisions are made to preserve their wasting agricultural products and provide energy for their household equipment such as refrigerator, fan, lighting etc. There is also such a need to provide electricity for e-information infrastructures in our rural communities to service school, rural hospital, rural banking and rural e-library. Hence, there is the need to develop an indigenous technology to harness the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate electricity.
1.5.1 Wind Power:
Wind powers are used to convert wind energy by using wind turbine into meaningful energy. Wind turbine change mechanical energy into electrical energy by the help of generator. In the wind energy generation the speed and direction of the wind is an important factor. If there is a small change in the direction then it may be exerts the large force on the turbine and make the turbine damaged. According to the Betz limit we use only 59 % of the total wind to change into to electrical energy. Wind power is calculated by ( in watts )
P=1/2Pav2
Where, A = Area perpendicular to the direction of flow in square- meter.
p = Density of air Kg/ Cube- meter.
V = Wind Velocity in Meter/ Sec.
HOW WIND ENERGY IS PRODUCED
Wind turbines that are typically 200 feet or more above ground are used to harness the wind and turn it into energy. When the wind blows, it turns the turbines blades. The blades are connected to a drive shaft that moves with the blades. The shaft is attached to a generator, which creates electricity. The electricity created is in the form alternating current.
1.5.2 COMPONENT OF A WIND ENERGY PROJECT:
Modern wind energy systems consist of the following components:
• A tower on which the wind turbine is mounted;
• A rotor that is turned by the wind;
• The equipment, including the generator that converts the mechanical energy in the spinning rotor into electricity.
As we know energy is the basic requirement for any development. Since 17th century requirement of energy is increases due to the rapid increase in world population, technology and other political and economic condition. Due to the rapid increase in cost and environmental concern it is important to discuss the various method and process of generation of power by solar and wind renewable energy sources. In India there are many states whose develop the solar energy to increase their economy and best environment condition. Presently Most of the electricity generated across the central part of India which utilizes coal, gas, oil, water or nuclear as a primary fuel.
There are various dangerous impact occur on the environment by using coal and nuclear as primary fuel. And these primary fuel are present abundant in nature so it make important to generate power by designing of solar and wind power plant to achieve the better environment condition and also to reduce the use of existing fossil fuels resources , it is important for future renewable sources. No any renewable resources neither the wind nor the solar can available all the time. So it would important to generate power by the combination of these renewable resources. Solar energy power generation also offer of generating power in the remote areas in India among fifteen states Rajasthan is one of the most potential of renewal resources. In Rajasthan many places like Bikaner, Jodhpur, and Jaisalmer have large scope of renewable energy. Energy resources are mainly divided into two ways.
Un-renewable Energy assets: The resources which are present not much in amount and can be vanished after few years. Example: Natural gas, Wood, Coal etc.
Renewable Energy assets: The resources which are always available and renew itself in the nature. Example: Solar power, Wind Power, Biomass etc.
Electricity production is responsible for one third of total U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the considerable reductions in U.S. GHG emissions necessary to address climate change can only be achieved through a significant shift to low- and zero-carbon sources of electricity, including renewable sources. Renewable sources currently provide only a small fraction of U.S. electricity. In the absence of significant new policies to promote renewable energy or policies that put a price on carbon, a “business-as-usual” forecast suggests that renewable will supply 14 percent of U.S. electricity by 2030, with non-hydro renewable providing only 6 percent.
This paper focuses on wind and solar as energy sources for electricity production since they have enormous resource potential, are accessible with existing technologies, are the focus of numerous current and proposed policies, and face similar challenges to widespread deployment. The three major barriers to greater use of solar and wind electricity are higher costs than many alternative electricity sources, insufficient transmission, and management of the variable electricity output from these sources.
Electricity from wind is close to cost competitive with electricity produced from natural gas—depending on natural gas prices, the availability of production tax credits, and other variables. Moreover, wind becomes more cost competitive if policies, such as cap and trade, put a price on carbon. Electricity from solar photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) power plants is significantly more expensive. These solar technologies will not achieve significant market penetration unless costs drop significantly or policies either subsidize or mandate use of these technologies. Some solar power cost reductions will occur with economies of scale in production and learning curve effects; however, breakthroughs are needed in PV cell production methods in order to allow for high-volume, low-cost PV manufacturing. Reasonably priced solar electricity could revolutionize the electricity system; however, given the enormous wind resource, other renewable energy options, and the well-documented technical and economic potential for end-use efficiency gains, the United States could reach high levels of renewable penetration even without significant solar energy deployment.
Wind power plants must be located where the wind resource is sufficient, which may be far from existing transmission lines or population centers. Significant increases in new wind electricity generation will require new transmission lines. Transmission lines are expensive to build (two to four million dollars per mile), difficult to site, and require approvals from multiple levels of government. Promising directions for addressing these problems include innovative financing approaches that clarify who pays and how much, consideration of non-wires options such as distributed storage that can reduce the need for transmission, and clarification of federal and state roles in transmission planning and sitting authority.
Wind and solar power plants, unlike coal and natural gas power plants, cannot be scheduled to deliver specified amounts of power at specified times. Instead, wind and solar power plants generate electricity when the energy resources—the wind and sun—are available. Many electricity system operators see this variability as a threat to system stability and reliability. However, several electricity systems are already operating with over 10 percent of their electricity coming from wind electricity. Recent analyses suggest that 20 percent is achievable without threatening system reliability, although the added variability does impose costs. There are three fundamental solutions to the variability challenge. The first is increasing the flexibility of electricity supply options. This includes greater use of power plants that can rapidly adjust their output as needed and contractual relationships with neighboring electricity systems for trading of electricity as needed. The second is demand flexibility—using pricing and other contractual tools to influence or control the demand for electricity. The third is physical storage of electricity and use of that stored electricity to “smooth” the output of variable electricity sources. Several physical storage technologies are under development, but costs are high and technical performance is uncertain.
Congress is considering proposals to require higher levels of renewable generation, and numerous organizations have proposed aggressive renewable generation targets. Achieving much higher levels of wind electricity, such as 20 percent by 2030 compared to less than two percent currently, would be challenging but not unachievable. It would require annual wind turbine installations at a rate about double that achieved by the wind industry in 2008. There appear to be no fundamental material, manufacturing, or labor barriers to achieving this.
Twenty percent wind by 2030 would require additional transmission spending of $3 to $4 billion per year, about a 40 to 50 percent increase over current transmission spending. If these costs were included in the costs of the electricity produced from wind, wind costs would need to increase by about 15 percent. Studies suggest that the U.S. electricity grid can manage 20 percent wind penetration, although there would be costs for doing so. These costs would add four to six percent to the cost of wind electricity.
These cost estimates are uncertain, but the available evidence suggests that transmission and variability management would increase the cost of wind electricity by roughly 20 percent. This would make wind electricity generally more expensive than that from natural gas, but in many cases still less expensive than that from new nuclear or coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS) power plants. However, the relative cost of wind power and electricity from natural gas will vary with natural gas prices and with a price on carbon.
Achieving higher penetration of solar power presents different challenges. One percent solar by 2030, for example, would require annual solar installations of about 900 megawatt (MW)—two to three times higher than that seen in 2008. This would be challenging if done as PV, but possible with CSP since large (100 + MW) CSP plants have been proposed for the southwestern United States. The major challenge for PV and CSP is the first costs of the technologies themselves, which are much higher for solar than for wind.
1.6 OBJECTIVE:
To overcome the problem and the weakness, this project need to do some research and studying to develop better technology. To make it success there are several thing that we need to know such as what will be the prime mover, how to stored it and the advantages of this new vehicle. In that case, these are the list of the objective to be conduct before continue to proceed on this project:
To develop a vehicle that use renewable energy, environmentally friendly and cheap.
In human transportation as a personalized vehicle.
For inter departmental transportation in huge campuses.
In industries for different level personnel to move around to inspect the work progress.
In hospitals, Airports, Shopping malls, IT campuses, Hotels &resorts, Power stations, manufacturing units, etc…
Light weight & easy to control, makes convenient for use by anyone.
Controlled speed ensures rider’s safety
On site charging facility. No need to visit fuel station.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 LITERATURE:
In order to perform this project, literature review has been made from various sources like journal, books, article and others. This chapter includes all important studies which have been done previously by other research work. It is importance to do the literature review before doing the project because we can implement if there are information that related to this project.
The most important thing before starting the project we must clearly understand about the topic that we want to do. So by doing the literature review we can gain knowledge to make sure we fully understand and can complete the project.
2.2 BACKGROUND:
There will be a big area at the UMP campus Kuala Pahang when it is fully built and operates. So students need a vehicle to move from one side to another. In state of using car or motorcycle that are costly, student will be prefer to used bicycle as their vehicle. There several types of bicycle that can be chosen such as paddle bicycle, motorized bicycle and electric bicycle. But there are some weaknesses about that type of bicycle. To overcome the weakness this project will develop a better bicycle.
In 1817 Baron von Drais invented a walking machine that would help him get around the royal gardens faster: two same-size in-line wheels, the front one steerable, mounted in a frame which you straddled. The device was propelled by pushing your feet against the ground, thus rolling yourself and the device forward in a sort of gliding walk. The machine became known as the Draisienne or hobby horse the next appearance of a two-wheeled riding machine was in 1865, when pedals were applied directly to the front wheel. This machine was known as the velocipede ("fast foot"), but was popularly known as the bone shaker, since it was also made entirely of wood, then later with metal tires, and the combination of these with the cobblestone roads of the day made for an extremely uncomfortable ride. In 1870 the first all metal machine appeared. (Previous to this metallurgy was not advanced enough to provide metal which was strong enough to make small, light parts out of.) The pedals were still attached directly to the front wheel with no freewheeling mechanism. Solid rubber tires and the long spokes of the large front wheel provided a much smoother ride than its predecessor. The front wheels became larger and larger as makers realized that the larger the wheel, the farther you could travel with one rotation of the pedals.
Pedaling History has on display even the recent history of the bicycle in America that we are more familiar with: the "English 3-speed" of the '50s through the '70s, the 10-speed derailleur bikes which were popular in the '70s (the derailleur had been invented before the turn of the century and had been in more-or-less common use in Europe since), and of course the mountain bike of right now. There are also many oddball designs that never quite made it, including the Ingo. 1980-1991 A Los Angeles based company called Luz Co. produced 95% of the world's solar-based electricity. They were forced to shut their doors after investors withdrew from the project as the price of non-renewable fossil fuels declined and the future of state and federal incentives were not likely. The chairman of the board said it best: "The failure of the world's largest solar electric company was not due to technological or business judgment failures but rather to failures of government regulatory bodies to recognize the economic and environmental benefits of solar thermal generating plants." Solar energy history played a big part in the way society evolved and will continue to do so there is a renewed focus as more and more people see the advantages of solar energy and as it becomes more and more affordable. Because of Malaysia is located in the actuator area, this project will make used the energy of the sun that rarely used in Malaysia to generate the bicycle.
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BICYCLES:
There are several types of bicycle that can be categories that is paddle bicycle, motorized bicycle, and electric bicycle. The weakness of the bicycle make people do not like to used bicycle.
First, paddle bicycle need a lot of energy to paddle the bicycle. The user will surely be tired after used the bicycle. This will not suitable for student to use to go to the class because they will be tired when they are in the class and will lost their concentration while hearing the lecture.
Next, motorize bicycle that used fuel as it prime mover. The bicycle use fuel that is costly. As a student, their allowance is limited and only can be used for their study material and for their food to survive at the campus. Besides that, motorize bicycle will make pollution that can be very bad for our environment especially in this period that global warming happen to the earth.
Lastly, electric bicycle that generate by battery can be only be sufficient for about an hour. The user needs to find power supply to recharge the battery or else they need to paddle the bicycle that used more energy compare to the normal bicycle because of the weight.
2.4 WIND ELECTRICITY:
In recent years, wind electricity has seen a phenomenal boom. In 2008 alone, 8.5 GW of wind power were installed in the United States, representing a 50 percent increase in U.S. wind capacity. After many years in which the technical and environmental promise of wind clearly exceeded the commercial reality, wind has turned the corner and is now a commercially proven, reliable, and cost-competitive option for producing utility-scale electricity.
Large wind turbines typically start producing electricity when wind speeds reach about nine miles per hour (mph) (four meters per second [m/s]) and reach their rated output at wind speeds of about 33 mph (15 m/s). Therefore, any area with sustained wind speeds of greater than 10 to 15 mph may be able to support a wind turbine. Such sites are surprisingly prevalent. Currently, 35 of the 50 U.S. states have installed utility-scale wind turbines.
The 25 GW of currently installed (end of 2008) wind capacity in the United States exploits a trivial fraction of the total U.S. wind resource. A U.S. Department of Energy study estimates that the United States has the technical potential for 8,000 GW of onshore wind and 4,000 GW of offshore wind. Just 12 percent of this would provide enough electricity to meet the entire U.S. electricity demand.
Wind Electricity Costs how much does wind electricity cost?
This report estimates the cost of wind electricity, excluding the production tax credit, 17 at nine to 12 ¢/kWh. It is critical to note that this price is “typical” or “representative,” and that a specific project’s costs may fall outside this range.
It is likely that any future wind electricity cost reductions will be modest. Wind turbine technology is close to mature, and it already benefits from the inherent efficiencies of large-scale production. Although wind turbines will continue to be refined and improved, costs reflect in large part the raw materials and construction/ assembly requirements, which cannot be further reduced significantly.
WIND’S STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES:
All electricity sources, renewable and nonrenewable, have strengths and weaknesses. Ideally, these factors would be reduced to costs and benefits and could be combined to yield a final total or “societal” benefit-cost assessment. In reality, however, it is often impossible to reduce these factors to financial terms, as their valuation can be subjective and situation dependent. These factors are therefore discussed here separate from costs.
Wind electricity’s major strength is that it is a zero-carbon energy source with a per-kilowatt-hour cost that is close to that of new fossil fuel-fired generation. Wind electricity has other attractive features as well:
• Utility-scale wind farms can be sized from about 10 MW to up to hundreds of megawatts, 20 and additional capacity can easily be added in stages.
• Wind electricity has no emissions, little noise, and no waste products, and it is compatible with many land uses, including agriculture and grazing.
• Wind farms can be built quickly—in less than a year, typically.
Wind electricity also has some significant problems, notably:
• The wind resource overall is very large; however, wind farms must be sited where wind is sufficient, which may be very far from population centers or transmission lines.
• There can be local opposition to sitting of wind farms, primarily due to visual impacts. • The electricity production from wind turbines is variable
As with any form of development, wind farms can have negative impacts on wildlife and natural habitat. Moreover, wind farms require more area per MegaWatt hr than many other electricity generation technologies.
Wind’s Future With a large and untapped wind resource, wind electricity per-kWh costs falling closer to that of new fossil-fueled electricity, and an environmentally friendly image, wind electricity has a promising future. Most projections of renewable electricity generation find wind to be a primary source of expanded renewable generation.
2.5 PHOTOVOLTAICS:
Photovoltaic (PV) use various materials—most frequently silicon—to convert sunlight directly into electricity. PVs are quiet, have no moving parts, can be installed very quickly, and can be sized to power anything from a single light to an entire community. However, they are quite expensive, with current costs ranging from 28 to 42¢/kWh for large grid-connected systems. Although costs have come down considerably in recent years and will continue to drop, PVs are currently nowhere near cost-competitive with fossil fuels in the vast majority of circumstances.
U.S. installed PV capacity at the end of 2008 was about 800 MW,21 which generates roughly the same amount of electricity as one mid-size natural gas power plant. Although PV installations are growing rapidly, Photovoltaic currently supply much less than one percent of U.S. electricity consumption.
The solar resource is huge and could technically supply U.S. electricity needs many times over. For example, as noted above, solar panels covering an area equal to less than 10 percent of Colorado could provide enough electricity to power the entire United States. Such a system, however, would be immensely impractical for numerous reasons, including that it would not generate electricity at night and that it could require massive construction of new transmission lines.
Photovoltaic Costs One sees widely varying costs for PV-sourced electricity, for several reasons:
• How cost is defined. Calculation of cost per watt includes only first (initial) costs and does not include operating and maintenance costs. Calculation of cost per kilowatt-hour, in contrast, does incorporate these factors but also requires assumptions about lifetimes and discount rates.
• What’s included: A complete PV system requires not just the photovoltaic cells but also many other components such as inverters, transformers, and wiring.
• Whether it is an actual or projected cost. There can be a large difference between what costs might be in the future and what they really are today.
• The size and application of the system. In general, the larger the system, the lower the per-kilowatt and per-kilowatt-hour cost.
• Where it is located: Although Photovoltaic will operate anywhere, the more sunlight, the lower the per kilowatt-hour cost. A PV system located in the southwestern United States, for example, can produce up to twice as much electricity as the same system located in the northeastern United States.
• What technology was used? There are several different types of PV cells, and each has different costs and performance characteristics.
• Whether the price reflects or includes subsidies. There is currently a federal investment tax credit for PV systems, 24 and several states provide significant subsidies as well.
PHOTOVOLTAICS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES:
Photovoltaic cells are noiseless and require little maintenance. They can be placed on rooftops or integrated into building materials, and thus they raise few visual concerns. They can be sized to fit any application, from a wristwatch to a multi-megawatt utility-scale system. Although their output will vary depending on the amount of sunlight they receive, they can be installed anywhere the sun shines. The question of whether Photovoltaic will “work” in a specific geographical location is one of economics and cost-effectiveness, not technical feasibility. And PV’s, when used on rooftops and other distributed applications, can postpone the need for transmission and distribution system upgrades. The main problem with Photovoltaic’s is their expense. As discussed above, their cost per unit of electricity output is currently much higher than that of fossil-fueled generation and wind. In addition, their electrical output is variable, meaning that their electricity production varies with the sunlight.
Future Photovoltaic’s high costs mean that they will supply only a small fraction of U.S. electricity needs, unless those costs come down significantly or policies promote greater PV deployment via large subsidies or mandates. As noted above, there is considerable private investment in new PV technologies, and the needed cost reductions may occur. The future for this technology is uncertain and hinges on technical advancements that would allow significant cost reduction.
2.6 CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER (CSP):
Concentrated solar power plants (sometimes called “solar thermal” plants) concentrate the sun’s energy onto a liquid carrier fluid (such as oil) and then use that hot fluid to heat water into steam and drive a turbine. This approach to producing electricity is currently used at only a handful of locations worldwide; however, some see it as a promising approach once the technology is refined and costs drop. The United States currently has 419 MW of CSP capacity. Most of this—354 MW—was built in California prior to 2000.29
CSP’S STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES:
CSP plants can be built to provide dispatch-able electricity (that is, electricity that can be produced when it is needed rather than only when the sun provides sufficient energy), and can therefore be used to meet peak demands. This can be done two ways. First, solar energy can be stored in the form of hot fluid for up to several hours, and this fluid can then be used to generate electricity when needed. No currently operating plants in the U.S. have this capability; nevertheless it is technically feasible. Alternatively, CSP plants can use natural gas to heat the fluid when the sun is not available. This of course increases the carbon footprint of the plant.
CSP’s major weakness is its high costs, which stem from its technical complexity and need for large reflective surfaces/areas. It also requires high sunlight levels, and therefore is geographically limited to the U.S. Southwest. Therefore, significant new transmission would be required to deliver CSP electricity from the Southwest to other parts of the country.
CSP’S FUTURE: A number of CSP plants have been announced or planned in the U.S. Southwest, but it is not yet clear how many (if any) of those plants will actually be built since high costs and transmission issues remain.
BARRIERS TO INCREASING WIND AND SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION:
There are three principal barriers to greater use of wind and solar electricity: high costs, transmission availability, and variability of output. Experimentation using photovoltaic devices for the propulsion of wheeled land transportation vehicles has been ongoing since the 1980. Despite vast improvements in photovoltaic technologies, vehicles using internal combustion engines have remained the primary method of land-based transportation. The development of solar vehicles as a practical alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel vehicles is currently not feasible due to significant limitations of solar technology. The low energy density of solar power and the unpredictability of solar irradiation due to transient weather effects are both significant drawbacks faced by solar power vehicle researchers (Arsieetal, 2006). Research by Sorrentinoetal (2010), however, shows the viability of integrating solar panels into hybrid-electric vehicles to supplement energy production. Literature surrounding solar power vehicle propulsion has been predominantly conducted for highly specialized vehicle applications (Arsieetal, 2006) such as speed-optimized racing. For example, international solar vehicle racing competitions such as the World Solar Challenges require participants to design solar powered vehicles to travel across the Australian continent (World Solar Challenge, 2010). With the limitations in solar energy production, performance of these racing vehicles depends greatly on improving vehicle aerodynamics and reducing vehicle mass. For applications where a more practical commuter vehicle is desired, optimizing these parameters in the same way may not be feasible due to concerns of vehicle safety. Although limited in performance, a compact electric car manufactured in China was retrofitted with rooftop solar panels. The car is estimated to travel up to 90 miles on a 30-hour charge from the sun (RideLust, ND), although verification of this data by reputable academic sources could not be obtained. These solar-electric modification kits claim to produce self-sufficient power from the sun, but reproducible experiments and data could not be obtained. An example of one such solar power modification kit includes the use of photovoltaic panels built into the wheels of the bicycle (Treehugger, ND) Cases of using external solar panels for charging PAEBs have been observed in various parking lot applications. The Japanese company Sanyo has developed solar parking lots for recharging solar power for employees.
Modeling and design:
3.1 DESIGN:
Pro/ENGINEER is a computer graphics system for modeling various mechanical designs and for performing related design and manufacturing operations. The system uses a 3D solid modeling system as the core, and applies the feature-based, parametric modeling method. In short, Pro/E is a feature-based, parametric solid modeling system with many extended design and manufacturing applications. Pro/E Wildfire is the standard in 3D product design, featuring industry-leading productivity tools that promote best practices in design while ensuring compliance with your industry and company standards. Integrated Pro/ENGINEER CAD/CAM/CAE solutions allow you to design faster than ever, while maximizing innovation and quality to ultimately create exceptional products. Customer requirements may change and time pressures may continue to mount, but your product design needs remain the same - regardless of your project's scope, you need the powerful, easy-to-use, affordable solution that Pro/ENGINEER provides.
3.1.1 PRO/ENGINEER WILDFIRE BENEFITS
Pro/ENGINEER was designed to begin where the design engineer begins with features and design criteria, through cascading menus.
Expert users employ "map keys" to combine frequently used commands along with customized menus to exponentially increase their speed in use.
Pro/E provides the ability to sketch directly on the solid model feature. Pro/E provides the ability to sketch directly on the solid model, feature placement is thus simple and accurate
Fully integrated applications allow you to develop everything from concept to manufacturing within one application
Automatic propagation of design changes to all downstream deliverables allows you to design with confidence
Complete virtual simulation capabilities enable you to improve product performance and exceed product quality goals
Automated generation of associative tooling design, assembly instructions, and machine code allow for maximum production efficiency
Pro/E can be packaged in different versions to suit your needs, from Pro/E Foundation XE, to Advanced XE Package and Enterprise XE Package, Pro/E Foundation XE Package brings together a broad base of functionality. From robust part modeling to advanced surfacing, powerful assembly modeling and simulation, your needs will be met with this scale able solution. Flex3C and Flex Advantage Build on this base offering extended functionality of our choosing.
3.1.2 BASIC MODES IN PRO/E:
Sketcher: Define the 2D cross-section (or section) of an object model for sweeping.
Part: Create the solid model of a part.
Assembly: Form the solid model of an assembly of multiple components.
Drawing: Produce engineering drawings of parts and assemblies created in Pro/ENGINEER. These drawings are fully associative with the 3D solid model. When a dimension in the drawing is changed the dimension of the associated 3D modules will be automatically updated, and vice versa.
These are frequently used Pro/E modes.
Design of solar and wind powered bicycle:
Before fabricating a solar and wind powered bicycle. First step is to design it .This project is a modification of a existing bicycle. Solar bicycle is designed with the help of modeling software pro/e which is also called as creo .The new version is creo 3.0 which is developed by PTC parametric technology corporation. It provides the broadest range of powerful 3d capabilities to accelerate design of parts and assemblies.
CALCULATIONS:
The design involves the calculation of power required to run a bicycle at a known speed (say 10 km/h) and to develop a solar powered system to produce the required power. Since additional attachments are to be mounted on the cycle, a light weight cycle. A Hero Cycle was purchased.
Notations:
The following notations are used in the design calculations:
d = diameter of the cycle rim in meters.
R = radius of cycle rim in meters.
ω = Angular velocity of cycle shaft.
N = Speed of cycle wheel in RPM
v = Linear velocity of the cycle in Kmph
N1 = Normal reaction of the road on each tire in Newton.
µ = Coefficient of friction = 0.3
F = Frictional force between tire and road in Newton.
. T = Torque developed on the shaft due to frictional force in Newton-meters.
P = Power required to ride the cycle in Watts.
T = time required to charge the battery by A- C Supply in hours
Bicycle data available:
• The Cycle Rim Diameter is d.
d = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Required Cycle Speed v = 10 kmph
Cycle Weight + Rider Weight w=90 kg
Velocity ratio: -
It is the ratio of the velocity given to the efforts (or) input of a machine to the velocity acquired by the load or output. Calculating velocity ratio of the two pulleys
According to formulae, V.R. = Diameter of driven pulley (small)
Diameter of driver pulley (large)
According to unit conversion: 1inch=25.4mm
So, Diameter of driver pulley (large) = 76.2
Diameter of driven pulley (small) = 381 = 1/5= 1:5 (Velocity ratio) .
So we increase speed of dynamo shaft by velocity ratio 1:5 that means if bigger pulley makes one rotation smaller pulley makes five rotations.
Motor calculations:
Since the total cycle weight is equal to 90 kg, the Normal reaction acting on each tyre is equal to (40 x 9.81) Newton each.
Friction force acting on the tire:
F = μ N1
F = 0.3 x 392.4
F = 117.72N
Torque required
T = F x r
T= 117.72x 0.25
T= 29.43Nm
Power calculations:
P = (2 π N T) ÷ 60
P = (2 π x 106 x 29.43) ÷ 60
P =326.51W
The solar power is used as a supplementary energy to ride the bicycle. A motor with power of 350 W is selected. The system can independently develop a speed of 6 kmph.
Battery specification:
Power = Voltage x Current
P = V.I
326.51 = 24 x I
I = 13.60Ah
Hence according to the above calculations, to drive a motor of 350 W, 24 V capacity; select 2 batteries of 12V, 12Ah. Connect these batteries in series to achieve a voltage of 24V as required by the motor.
Electrical charging:
Time required to fully charging the battery is calculated. Power Supplied to Battery during AC Charging.
AC Adapter Specification: 12V, 12 A
P = V.I
P = 12 x 12
P = 144 W