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GENERAL
The construction industry today has been built on the need of the worlds inhabitants to provide shelter, harness energy, and create public access. The basic human need have not changed over time even though the process and environment in which designer or constructor operate have becoming increasingly more complicated. Rapidly escalating technology has made possible structure and processes unimaginable even from generation to generation. By referring back to the flow of the global development industries it will see that developing country like India, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam are still spending a lot of money in development of a new project like public building, housing, building office, shopping mall etc. This phenomenon will influence the increasing of the job opportunity for the people at those countries especially the fresh graduate because with the development of the new industrial areas and business area it shows that a lot of new workers needed to involve in the development of the country. The scenario is different for the developed country because for them they more stress on the maintaining the existing buildings in order to prolong the life span. India is the one of the developing country which is still concentrate in the development of the new buildings and at the same time maintaining all existing building.
At the same time multinational companies are looking forward in exploring the construction project around Asian nation especially India. By looking for the expenditure of the constructions industry, the project management profession is being very valuable for the construction companies in order to make sure the project that currently running can be completed successfully. The project management becomes the critical part in the project because it contains the knowledge in controlling the cost, scheduling, and resources. In this project management field, project manager plays very important role in the construction project. Project manager is responsible personnel to ensure the project complete successfully thus it are important for the project manager to have experience and knowledge in project management technique.
The construction management it may refer to the contractual arrangement under which is a firm supplies construction management service to an owner. However, in its more common use it refers to the act of managing the construction process which is the way to manage the basic resource of construction. The resource included workers and subcontractor, equipment and construction plant, material, money and time. Proper construction management results in the project completion on time and within budget.
1.2 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Construction projects are a mission, undertaken to create a unique facility product or service within the specified scope, quality, time and cost. In the project context, construction implies designing building, installation and commissioning of items of civil, mechanical, electrical, telecommunication and other utility works, necessary for, building a specified construction related facility or service. 'construction project' is a high-value, time bound, special construction mission of creating a construction facility or service, with predetermined performance objectives defined in terms of quality specification, completion time, budgeted cost and other specified constraints. Each mission starts with a project go-ahead and ends with accomplishment of the mission purpose. The project unique construction mission is accomplished within complex project environments, by putting together human and non-human resources into a temporary organization (like a special mission army operation in the war), headed by a project manager. In general construction projects include numerous interdependent and interrelated activities and employ huge resources of men, materials and machines. They involve heavy investments of million to billions of money and carry high degree of risks. They require a high level of technology management of construction projects and differ from management of on-going steady-state business related enterprises in many ways . Universally, the execution of major construction intensive capital works is undertaken by projecting them, that is, by organizing them into one or more construction projects for implementation.
1.2.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Construction projects are basically classified into various types depending on how they are usable to the mankind. common classification of construction projects are Residential projects, Commercial projects, Industrial projects and Infrastructural projects.
1.2.2 RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
When a construction work is being performed to a single family residence or a residential facility with less than 3 or 4 units it is termed as a residential project. If it is an apartment complex it would more likely be in commercial project instead of residential project because commercializing is the chief aim in that aspect. similarly if it is a condominium, the work would be residential if upon a single unit but if on the entire complex or the common elements, the work would be likely to be considered commercial.
1.2.3 COMMERCIAL PROJECTS
When a construction project is more subjected to commercializing i.e. a project developed in order to do business is termed to be as commercial projects. common examples of commercial projects are Flats Apartments towns etc. the chief definition of commercial projects are expecting a source of income by investing a considerable expenditure.
1.2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
Infrastructure projects are commonly developed by government to maintain a sustainable infra structure or environment. These are intensive and heavy equipment oriented works, which involvement of large quantity of bulk materials like earth, steel and concrete. These works include canals, highways and airports, railways and bridges, oil pipelines and transmission lines, large water supply and sewage disposal networks , docks and harbors, nuclear and thermal plants, and other specialist construction activities which build up the infrastructure for the growth of the economy. These works are designed by the specialist engineering firms.
Basically any construction project are done with an objective of completing the project with an effective corresponding time and cost initially quoted. An effective project management is managing and completing the project within the scheduled time and estimated cost.
Transportation project is classified under infrastructure project
1.3. TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS
Transportation projects are major classification of infra structure projects. They are further classified into roadways and railway projects. Construction of roads, Flyovers, Railway stations Bus stops and airports are the different sectors of transportation projects.
In a country like India transportation projects plays a vital role in controlling the traffic as it is a heavily populated nation.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING TOOLS
2.1 PLANNING
It involves deciding in advance what is to be done, how and in what order it is to be done in order to achieve the objectives. Planning aims at deciding upon the future course of action. A plan shows the committed course of action. Schedule depicts when and in what sequence, the planned activities are to be carried, it puts the plan on calendar date scale. In brief, planning and scheduling involves the following:
(a) Crystallizing objectives
(b) Collecting, and synthesizing information.
© developing alternative courses of action within specifies constraints.
(d) Comparing alternatives in terms of objectives feasibility and consequence
(e) Selecting and scheduling, the optimum course of action.
(f) establishing policies, procedures, methods, schedules, programs, systems, standards and budgets for accomplishing project objectives.
2.2 SCHEDULING
A Schedule is a work programme, set date-wise in a logical sequence, it is a time table for action. Time scheduling is the process of developing a work programme. It implies programming of the chosen work plan on a calendar basis and provides the base against which time progress is measured. A work schedule is an action plan with calendar date targets. Whereas network is a planning technique.A network needs to be scheduled in order to determine commencement and termination dates of each activity, using the optimum resources or working within resource constraints. The project employs resources of men, materials, machines and money to execute the activities. Time and resources to be employed in an activity are inter-related. In most of the construction activities, increase in vital resources from a certain level decreases duration of the activity. But this uneven employment of vital resource can reduce productivity, increase the cost and create management problems. The aim should be to schedule the work in such a manner that vital resources are optimized. The scheduling of resources in a project and multi-project environment is a complex process, but the focus should be to make it simple by scheduling a few vital resources and derive the forecast of the remaining resources.
A project planning is not complete until all the activities are scheduled and forecast of major resources is developed. The project management software can aid in speedy development of network and project time schedule. The scheduling methodology varies with the nature of project, planning technique and the resources constraints. Simple projects can be scheduled using the 'bar chart methodology Line-of-Balance technique is widely accepted for scheduling the repetitive work projects, while network scheduling is suitable for all types of projects. Generally.all types of schedules use time scale along the horizontal axis. This time scale mostly uses a day as the unit of time: these days are then related to the calendar dates, weeks and months Each type of scheduling technique has its purpose, own merits and demerits. But ultimately schedules are best presented in the bar chart form for ease of comprehension and communication. These bar charts are supplemented with the appropriate planning technique for monitoring the progress of the projects.
As a result of effective scheduling a critical path of the project are obtained. It s very much useful in obtaining the floats and in resource allocations.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE USED FOR SCHEDULING
However for a complex project which exends for years it becomes difficult to schedule using normal manual scheduling techniques. so it becomes necessary to use the available software techniques in order make the work simpler and precise and obtain most accurate and desirable results. Some of the commonly used softwares for project management in market are
Primavera
MS office
Revitt Architecture
Auto cad
In this project, Primavera is adopted since they are superior to other project management softwares in every kind