02-08-2013, 01:55 PM
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
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INTRODUCTION
Instructional strategies determine the approach a teacher may take to achieve learning objectives.
Instructional methods are used by teachers to create learning environments and to specify the nature of the activity in which the teacher and learner will be involved during the lesson.
Five categories of instructional strategies are-
1. Direct Instruction -
The Direct instruction strategy is highly teacher-directed and is among the most commonly used. This strategy is effective for providing information or developing step-by-step skills.
2. Indirect Instruction –
Indirect instruction is mainly student-centered, although the two strategies can complement each other.
Indirect instruction seeks a high level of student involvement in observing, investigating, drawing inferences from data, or forming hypotheses. It takes advantage of students' interest and curiosity, often encouraging them to generate alternatives or solve problems.
3. Experiential Learning- Experiential learning is inductive, learner centered and activity oriented. Personalized reflection about an experience & the formulation of plans to apply learning to other contexts are critical factors in effective experiential learning.
Experiential learning can be viewed as a cycle consisting of five phases, all of which are necessary:-
Experiencing (an activity occurs)
Sharing or publishing (reactions and observations are shared)
Analyzing or processing (patterns and dynamics are determined)
Inferring or generalizing (principles are derived)
Applying (plans are made to use learning in new situations).
DISCUSSION
A discussion is a conversation with a focal point such as a specific topic, question, concept in which there is a sincere desire to arrive at a decision. It is basically a cooperative, problem-solving activity which seeks consensus regarding the solution of a problem rather then decision by majority of vote.
Discussion is a democratic method of teaching which may be used for teaching a particular subject to supplements a lecture in connection with an observation visit for a panel discussion.
TYPES OF DISCUSSION :-
Class discussion
Group discussion
Panel discussion
CONFERENCE
DEFINITION:-
A conference is a meeting of individuals called together to engage in discussion with the aim of accomplishing a limited with restricted time. It consists of 20-30 participants.
Three steps of conference-
1. At the beginning of the conference participants are registered according to schedule.
2. At the second stage group activities are organized
3. All groups assemble in conference hall where it is inaugurated.
TYPES :-
1. Group conference
2. Staff conference
3. Nursing care conference
4. Individual conference
5. Team conference
SEMINAR
The term seminar refers to a small group of graduate students engaged in original research under
the guidance of a knowledgeable professor. The seminar is a discussion method of teaching in which an informal group of 10-15 students ( not more then 25) participate to solve the problems in a scientific approach and analysis.
ADVANTAGES :-
Role of the students is active, is presupposes that student has background knowledge.
If property conducted, the seminar teaches the method of scientific analysis and techniques of research.
The group as a whole and the individual students try to solve problems.
Exchange of facts and attempts to crystallize the group opinion which is sound and workable.
By participation, in the solution of problems the student develops skill in solving problems.
By participation, in the solution of problem the students becomes more articulate and develop more critical point of view and more organized, scientific approach towards issue.
Seminar gives training in self learning and promotes independent thinking.
Ability to see and solve our own problems in increased because personal difficulties can be compared with those of the group.
Skill fully directed, seminar promotes group spirit and cooperativeness.