07-05-2013, 03:56 PM
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT FABRICATION
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INTRODUCTION
We are going through a period of micro-electronic revolution. For a common person, the role
of electronics is limited to audio-visual gadgets like radio and television, but the truth is,
today the growth of any industry like communication, control, instrumentation or computer,
is dependent upon electronics to a great extent. And integrated circuits are electronics.
The integrated circuit or IC is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active
and passive components that are irreparably joined together on a single crystal chip of
silicon. Most of the components used in ICs are not similar to conventional components in
appearance although they perform similar electrical functions. In this chapter, we describe
the basic processes used in the fabrication of integrated circuits. Both bipolar and MOS
fabrication are treated. These circuits naturally offer a number of distinct advantages over
those made by interconnecting discrete components.
CLASSIFICATION
Integrated circuits offer a wide range of applications and could be broadly classified as:
Digital ICs
Linear ICs
Based upon the above requirements, two distinctly different IC technology namely, Monolithic
technology and Hybrid technology have been developed.
In monolithic integrated circuits, all circuit components, both active and passive elements
and their interconnections are manufactured into or on top of a single chip of silicon.