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COURSE OBJECTIVE
Objective:
The IT Workshop for engineers is a training lab course spread over 60 hours.
The modules include training on PC Hardware, Internet & World Wide Web and
Productivity tools including Word, Excel, Power Point and Publisher.
PC Hardware introduces the students to a personal computer and its basic
peripherals, the process of assembling a personal computer, installation of system
software like MS Windows , Linux and the required device drivers. In addition
hardware and software level troubleshooting process, tips and tricks would be
covered.
Internet & World Wide Web module introduces the different ways of hooking the PC
on to the internet from home and workplace and effectively usage of the internet.
Usage of web browsers, email, newsgroups and discussion forums would be
covered. In addition, awareness of cyber hygiene, i.e., protecting the personal
computer from getting infected with the viruses, worms and other cyber attacks would
be introduced.
Productivity tools module would enable the students in crafting professional word
documents, excel spread sheets, power point presentations and personal web sites
using the Microsoft suite of office tools and LaTeX.
3. RAM (Random Access Memory)- For program execution and short term datastorage,
so the computer doesn't have to take the time to access the hard drive to
find something. More RAM can contribute to a faster PC.
The main memory of the computer is called as Random Access Memory
(RAM). The name derives from the fact that data can be stored in and retrieved at
random, from anywhere in the electronic main memory chips in approximately the
same amount of time, no matter where the data is.
Main memory is in an electronic or volatile state. When the computer is off, main
memory is empty, when it is on it is capable of receiving and holding a copy of the
software instructions, and data necessary for processing.
Because the main memory is a volatile form of storage that depends on electric
power can go off during processing, users save their work frequently on to non
volatile secondary storage devices such as diskettes or hard disk
1. Storage of the copy of the main software program that controls the general
operation of the computer. This copy is loaded on to the main memory when
the computer is turned on, and it stays there as long as the computer is on.
2. Temporary storage of a copy of application program instruction, to be
received by CPU for interpretation and processing or execution.
3. Temporary storage of data that has been input from the key board, until
instructions call for the data to be transferred in to CPU for processing.
Temporary storage of data, which is required for further processing or transferred
as output to output devices such as screen, a printer, a disk storage device.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Instructions which are critical to the operation of a computer are stored
permanently on Read only Memory. (ROM) chip installed by the manufacturer inside
the computer. This ROM chip is also called firm ware, retains instructions in a
permanently accessible nonvolatile form. When the power in the computer is turned
off, the instructions stored in ROM are not lost.
It is necessary and also convenient to have instructions stored in ROM. The more
instructions in ROM, the fewer diskettes you may have to handle. Until recently the
process of manufacturing ROM chips and recording data on them was more
expensive than the process of producing RAM chips. As a result the manufacturers
tended to record in ROM only those instructions that were crucial to the operation of
thecomputer.
Today, due to improvements in the manufacturing process of ROM chips have
lowered the cost to the point where manufacturers are beginning to include additional
software instructions.
In addition to ROM, three additional categories of non volatile memory are
used in some computer systems. They are PROMs, EPROMs, and EPROMs. PROM
stands for programmable read only memory.
It works similar to that of ROM. PROM chips are custom made for the user by the
manufacturer. The user determines what data and instructions are to be recorded on
them. The data on PROM is permanent and cannot be erased.
Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), developed as an improvement
over PROM. The data on the EPROM can be read with the help of a special device
that uses ultra violet light. The data or instructions on the EPROM are erasable and new data can be entered in its place. EPROM functions exactly same as PROM.
Electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) avoids the
inconvenience of having to take chips out of the computer to change data and
instructions. Changes can be made electrically under software control. These are
used in point of sale terminals to records price related data for products. The prices
recorded on them can be easily updated as needed. The only disadvantage of
EEPROM is, the regular ROM chips.
Differences between ROM &RAM
ROM (Read only memory)
1. You can only read the data.
2. Data can‘t be written every time, to write the data we need PROM, EPROM,
OR EEPROM.
3. ROM is non volatile in nature. The data stored in ROM is permanent in
nature.
4. Size of the ROM has nothing to do with processing.
RAM (Random access memory):
1. You can read and write data on the chip.
2. RAM has volatile memory. It looses its contents when the power is switched
off.
3. Size of the RAM makes difference in the processing i.e., bigger the size of the
RAM more is the speed of processing.
4. The data can be read and written at anytime.