24-12-2012, 04:44 PM
Impact of Artificial Insemination on Productivity
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Executive Summary
Animal husbandry and dairying sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the
socio-economic development of the country. These sectors also play a significant role in
supplementing family incomes and generating gainful employment in the rural sector,
particularly among the landless laborers, small and marginal farmers and women, besides
providing cheap nutritional food to millions of people. Department of Animal Husbandry,
Madhya Pradesh is implementing numbers of programs to increase the milk production in the
state through NGOs, private sector and state sector. Artificial Insemination is one of them which
lead to better germplasm of the newborn. Hence it is necessary to identify issues related to AI
and to study the effect of AI on milk production. It has been found in the study that not only the
improvement in the germplasm is sufficient for the increase in milk production but
environmental factors are also equally important.
Animal Husbandry-at a glance
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in the country in terms of area and seventh largest in
terms of population. The state has 48 districts. The state is classified as a sub tropical region.
Economy of the Madhya Pradesh is highly dependent on the agriculture. 80% population of the
state is living in the rural part. Small and marginal farmers account for 70% of land holdings and
22% of operated area. These small, marginal and landless farmers are dependent on the animal
husbandry as a major source of livelihood.
India is the country which has highest number of cows and buffalos and Madhya Pradesh has the
highest number of cattle in India. Although Madhya Pradesh has highest number of cattle but it
is at the 7th position in terms of milk production. There is a lot of scope to improve the milk
production in the state and so lot of new challenges emerges in achieving that. According to the
18th animal census, number of cows has been increased by 11.6% and number of buffalos has
been increased by 20.5% as compare to the 17th census in Madhya Pradesh. Major reason of the
less milk production in the state is the deficiency of the green fodder. Department of animal
husbandry is implanting various programs to aware farmers about the importance of green
fodder. It includes the distribution of seeds also.
Role of the Animal Husbandry in the Development of State and Country:
1. More than 70% of the rural population is dependent on the animal husbandry and it
contributes the major part of the income of landless villagers and BPL farmers. Thus the
development of animal husbandry is the way to target the economic development at root
level and a method to implement the inclusive growth. Also in villages, females play a
major role in cattle management, so it is also a way to make them self dependent and
provide them a source of income.
2. Source of balance diet: Madhya Pradesh is a state in which a lot of children below
poverty line are suffering from the malnutrition. Increase in the animal products like
milk, egg and meat lead to their more availability to the common man which help them to
provide the balanced diet and protect them from various diseases.
3. Alternate use of animal by products as manure as well source of energy: Manure made
from animal source is very helpful in increasing the productivity and also it is
biodegradable, so causes no harm to environment and future productivity of soil. Also
cow dung can be used as source of energy by using in gobar-gas plants.
4. Export based economy: It will lead to decrease in the import of animal products and will
ultimately increase their export.
Employment generation:
Animal husbandry sector is one of most important sector of Indian economy in terms of number
of employee’s engagement in the sector. Most important fact about this sector is that it provides
self employment to the farmers. According to the National Sample Survey Organization’s latest
survey (NSS 61st round) 5.5% of the total workforce in the country was engaged in animal
husbandry sector in the year 2002-05.
Contribution of livestock sector to the Food basket:
Livestock sector not only provides essential proteins and nutritious human diet through milk,
eggs, meat etc., but also plays an important role in utilization of non-edible agriculture by
products. Livestock also provides raw material by products such as hides, skin, blood, bone, fat
etc.. During year 2007-08, contribution of milk alone (Rs. 1,62,136 crore) was much higher than
paddy (Rs. 95,038 crore), wheat (Rs.71,579) and sugarcane (Rs. 33,691). The value output from
meat group as per the estimates of central statistical organization at current price in 2007-08 was
Rs. 40,399 crore. Total export earnings from livestock and poultry were Rs. 8,656 crore in year
2007-08.
Objectives of Artificial insemination:
a. Genetic improvement
b. More production of milk and meat
c. Disease control mechanism
d. Possibility to increase fertility
e. Decrease breeding expenses
2.3 Advantages of Artificial Insemination:
a. Increased efficiency of bull usage: During natural breeding, a male will deposit much
more semen than is theoretically needed to produce a pregnancy. In addition, natural
breeding is physically stressful. Both of these factors limit the number of natural mating a
male can make. However, collected semen can be diluted and extended to create
hundreds of doses from a single ejaculate. Also, semen can be easily transported;
allowing multiple females in different geographical locations to be inseminated
simultaneously, and semen can be stored for long periods of time, meaning that males can
produce offspring long after their natural reproductive lives end.
Objectives of the study
Department of animal husbandry has taken up artificial insemination for breed improvement in
order to enhance productivity in milch animals. Although cattle induction is one of the parameter
in enhancement of the milk production of the country and state, but impact has not been assessed
exclusively of AI on milk production enhancement. In lieu of this study is being proposed by
department of Animal Husbandry to assess the impact of AI on productivity of milch animals,
thereby, on enhancement of milk production.
Data source/type:
Primary as well as secondary data from various sources have been used for doing analysis. These
household surveys, focus group discussion, NGOs interview and expert consultant were the
approaches to collect the primary data. While the published reports of the department of animal
husbandry, government of Madhya Pradesh were the sources of the secondary data. Besides of
published reports, some of the important data was provide by the AI centers, BAIF, JK Trust as
well by the Directorate of the animal husbandry.
Sampling procedure:
Sampling of the data was designed in such a way so that the impact of AI can be understood
from the point of view of various socio-economical factors. Following factors were considered
while deciding the area of the study:
1. Identify the districts in which government is providing the artificial insemination services
from more than 5 years.
2. NGOs are must be active in these districts and are providing the same services from same
time frame.
3. One of the districts must be tribal district.
Questionnaire Formulation:
The questionnaire was developed specifically for the problem definition. During the
questionnaire formulation it was taken utmost care that the language of the questionnaire should
be as simple as possible. An attempt was made to make the questions as closed ended.
Questionnaire covers the areas like social-economical status of farmer, productivity of cattle,
knowledge of farmer regarding the cattle management, cost incurred by the farmer, living
condition of cattle, problems faced by farmer for the marketing of milk etc.
Multiple Regression Analysis
This statistical tool was used to find the model that linked the milk production in the cattle born
by the artificial insemination with the various factors for which the data was collected through
the questionnaires.
In the study the following hypothesis has been worked on:
The milk production of the cattle born by AI of any farmer is related to the type of farmer
(marginal, small, general or big farmer), land use pattern, annual income of farmer,
accommodation and other living conditions of cattle, and type of fodder of cattle
H0: The milk production is not related to the type of farmer (marginal, small, general or big
farmer), land use pattern, annual income of farmer, accommodation and other living conditions
of cattle, and type of fodder of cattle.
Analysis of statistically significant factors:
Open grazing, dry fodder, green fodder and food supplements in addition to dry and green fodder
are the various modes of feeding of cattle. It has been found that the milk productivity is lowest
in the cattle who depend on open grazing as their primary source of fodder and there is only
marginal improvement in the cattle who are eating dry fodder. Cattle who are eating dry fodder
give 5.0 liter per day while open grazing cattle give 4.9 liter milk on average.