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1457467350-IMPACTOFTERRORISMONINDIANTOURISM.docx (Size: 21.27 KB / Downloads: 4)
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
India's rich history and its cultural and geographical diversity make its international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents heritage and cultural tourism along with medical, business, educational and sports tourism. Tourism is a critical source of revenue generation and therefore a major component of economic development, a relationship that rewards states exist. But what happens when negative conditions exist, such as terrorism? The correlation between tourism and terrorism is undeniable in the modern era due to the strength of the industry. In many developing countries that have successfully focused on tourism, the sector has emerged as a major source of both employment and foreign exchange earnings. Cleanliness and security in and around the tourist sites is a key concern for foreign tourists. Disasters create difficult, often tragic, situations for the afflicted area and its residents. The study has presented how terrorist attacks affect tourism. Various statistics on the Foreign Tourist Arrivals, in the study show the direct relationship of the effect of terrorism on tourism during 2000 to 2015. In spite of terrorist activities the figures are in upward directions. Both the government and other sections of society interested in promoting tourism, both domestic and inbound, must have a forward-looking policy on dealing with terrorism that does not hurt tourism.
So my case study is from the year 2000 to 2015. During these 16 years of time span how terrorism affects INDIA in a large scale and spreads terror among the Indian tourist and the inbound also.
LITERATURE REVIEW: Terrorism is an underrated topic with vast effects on the society and according to Lloca-Vivero(2008), the topic still remains relatively unexplored. Terrorism brings about fear. This makes it impossible for an individual to plan a trip altogether. A tourist values safety. According to Koroma(2011), terrorism is just like any other crime committed. Many steps are taken to prevent the crime from occurring, but there are not enough resources such as funds and manpower to comb every inch of the globe to eradicate terrorist threats. Henderson(2008) however argues that there have been extensive strides in the monitoring of terrorist groups and the prosecution of those that are identified as members of a terrorist regime.
This literature review serves to define terrorism and analytically link it with the tourism and hospitality industry by surveying its effects.
1. TERRORISM DIFIND: Sonmez (1998) defines terrorism as the calculated use of violence against civilians to attain goods that are political or religious. Enders (2003) however defines terrorism as the premeditated use or threat of use of violence by individuals or subnational groups to obtain a political or social objective through the intimidation of a large audience beyond that of the immediate victim. Terrorism is therefore of a driven objective.
2. EFFECT OF TERRORISM OM TOURISM: The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialised and developing countries is now so great that down turns in the levels of activity in the industry are a cause of concern. Kalia(2009).
For many countries in the developing world tourism is a critical source of revenue generation and major component of economic development. Kalia (2009) further emphasizes that:
• Manufacturers of goods are negatively affected
• Boarder clearance costs rise
• Cost of insurance and re-insurance rise
• Decline in airline travel
• Demands for greater security
Mumbai brings in 40% of foreign trade, 60% of customs duty collections, 40% of income tax collections, 20% of central excess collections and 10billion in corporate taxes. The Mumbai terror attack of 2008 has been the most dramatic in a long series of terror attacks in India.
Tourist visits were down to more than 17% in January 2009. In January 2009, 487 262 travellers came to India, compared to the 521 990, which was a 17.6% decline. Kalia (2009)
Tourism against tourists and in tourist destinations aims, among other things, to prevent intercultural contacts and dialogue, Kalia (2009). According to Koroma (2011), the impact of September 11 followed such that: there was a massive loss of jobs from an enormous amount of cancellations of airlines. According to Koroma (2011), some areas of the US suffered 60 to 70% decreases in occupancy as well as major losses that totalled around 260 000.
Thompson (2008) states that terrorism directly affects a tourist’s decision making. Tourists may substitute between vacation spots if they feel threatened or unsafe in a country. Fewer annual tourists as a result of terrorism will typically result in losses of tourism revenue. Losses in terrorism revenue will have a larger impact in those countries in which tourism constitutes a larger percentage of GDP. To further emphasize this factor Koroma (2001) states that: when terrorist threats occur in a country, foreign tourists reconsider their decision to visit because the risk involved has significantly increased. The risk of being a potential terrorist target elicits a rapid negative customer response.
Terrorism is a crisis. It is a phenomenon that affects not only the countries attacked but the world at large. Its effects have reflected in the decline of tourism demand. The negative impacts continue to rise due to the continued increase in terrorism. There is however increased investigation and security that are maintaining the safety of the world.