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Computer networking seminar report
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ABSTRACT
Computer networking is growing. Networking in computer field is used everywhere from home to large companies. Computer networking opens new career opportunities. With this site you can build your career in networking from basic. Our examples on computer networking give you depth knowledge starting from beginning such as definition of computer networking, components, terminology. Once you achieved basic networking knowledge our certification section present a wide range of networking certification metrical.
Networking certifications like CCNA, Comitia N+, RHCE, and MCSE enables a computing professional to pursue several different skill sets of information technology. Holding such certifications is undeniable proof that you possess the qualifications, the knowledge, and the skills that are necessary to be successful in the icomputer network have become increasingly ubiquitous ,however with increase in network applications, there has also been an increase in difficult to manage and secure these network the proliferation of 802.11 wireless network has heightened this problem by extending network has heightened this problem by extending network beyond physical boundaries. We propose The use of spectral analysis to identify the types of wireless network interface cards(NIC)
INTRODUCTION
A computer network consists of a collection of computers, printers and other equipment that is connected together so that they can communicate with each other. Gives an example of a network in a school comprising of a local area network or LAN connecting computers with each other, the internet, and various servers.
A central computer, or 'server', acts as the storage location for files and applications shared on the network. Usually the server is a higher than average performance computer. The server also controls the network access of the other computers which are referred to as the 'client' computers. Typically, teachers and students in a school will use the client computers for their work and only the network administrator (usually a designated staff member) will have access rights to the server.
A minimum of at least 2 computers Cables that connect the computers to each other, although wireless communication is becoming more common (see Advice Sheet 20 for more information) A network interface device on each computer (this is called a network interface card or NIC) A ‘Switch’ used to switch the data from one point to another. Hubs are outdated and are little used for new installations
COMPUTER NETWORK
Computer network or data network is telecommunication network that allows computer to exchange data . In computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data connections. The connections (network links) between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the internet.
Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes. Nodes can include hosts such as servers and personal computer, as well as networking hardware. Two devices are said to b e networked when a device is able to exchange information with another device
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Computer networks support applications such as access to the world wide web, shared use of application and storage serves ,printers, , and fax machines and use of email and instant messaging applications. Computer networks differ in the physical media used to transmit their signals, the communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size , topology and organizational internet.
Wired Network
Wired networks, also called Ethernet networks, are the most common type of local area network (LAN) technology. A wired network is simply a collection of two or more computers, printers, and other devices linked by Ethernet cables. Ethernet is the fastest wired network protocol, with connection speeds of 10 megabits per second (Mbps) to 100 Mbps or higher. Wired networks can also be used as part of other wired and wireless networks
Wireless Networks
The term 'wireless network' refers to two or more computers communicating using standard network rules or protocols, but without the use of cabling to connect the computers together. Instead, the computers use wireless radio signals to send information from one to the other. A wireless local area network (WLAN) consists of two key components: an access point (also called a base station) and a wireless card. Information can be transmitted between these two components as long as they are fairly close together (up to 100 metes indoors or 350 metes outdoors).
LAN (Local Area Network)
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media.
The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their smaller geographic area, and non-inclusion of leased telecommuncation lines
ARCNET ,TOKEN RING and other technology standards have been used in the past, but Ethernet over twisted pais cabling, and wi-fi are the two most common technologies currently used to build LANs.
LAN advantages
Workstations can share can share peripheral devices like printers. This is cheaper than buying a printer for every workstations. Workstations do not necessarily need their own hard disk or CD-ROM drives which make them cheaper to buy than stand-alone PCs. User can save their work centrally on the network’s file server . This means that they can retrieve their work from any workstation on the network. They don’t need to go back to the same workstation all the time
LAN disadvantages
Special security measures are needed to stop users from using programs and data that they should not have access to Networks are difficult to set up and need to be maintained by skilled technicians. If the file server develops a serious fault all the users are affected, rather than just one user in the case of a stand-alone machine.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network in which two or more computers or communicating devices or networks which are geographically separated but in same metropolitan city and are connected to each other are said to be connected on MAN. Metropolitan limits are determined by local municipal corporations; the larger the city, the bigger the MAN, the smaller a metro city, smaller the MAN.
A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization , but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for inter networking of local network.
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN ) is a large computer network that spans a metropolitan area or campus. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN stands for information technology term in enlish: Wide
Area Network is a computer network covering a large area as an example of the computer networks between r regions’, cities or even countries, or can defined as well as computer networks require routers and public communications channels. WANs are used to connect a local network with other local networks, so that the user or computer in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations.
WAN advantages
WAN can connect the computer to a wider area geographically, example connecting Florida, United States with the world. WAN network seeks to connect schools in Florida with other places in the world as an example of Tokyo in just a few minutes, without the need to provide a large sum of money for a pay phone
.Disadvantages WAN:
WAN network is more complicated and c omplex. Requires perbagai equipment and data before local and metropolitan networks related to global communication and internetantarabangsa like.
INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of inter connected computer network that use the standard internet protocol l suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It Is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical net working technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as th e inter-linnked hypertext documents of the World wide web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP) and internet protocol television (IPTV). Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through Instant, message internet forums, and social networking online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to- business and dinanacial devices on the Internet affect supply across entire industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the united states government in the 1960s to build robust , fault-tolerant communication via computer networks . While this work, together with work in the United Kingdom and France, led to important precursor networks, they were not the Internet. There is no consensus on the exact date when the modern Internet came into being, but sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered reasonable.
SERVER
Server is a system (software and suitable computer hardware ) that responds to requests across a computer network to provide, or help to provide, a network service . Servers can be run on a dedicated computer, which is also often referred to as "the server", but many networked computers are capable of hosting servers. In many cases, a computer can provide several services and have several servers running.
Servers operate with in a client-server architecture. Servers are computer programs running to serve the requests of other programs, the clients. Thus, the server performs some tasks on behalf of clients. The clients typically connect to the server through the network but may run on the same computer . In the context of internet protocol (IP) networking, a server is a program that operates as a socket listener.
Servers often provide essential services across a network, either to private users inside a large organization or to public users via the internet. Typical computing servers are data base server, file server, mail server, print server ,web s erver, gaming server, application server, or some other kind of server.
Numerous systems use this client / server networking model including Web sites and email services. An alternative model ,peer-to-peer networking enables all computers to act as either a server or client as needed
CLIENT
A client is a piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server. The server is often (but not always) on another computer system, in which case the client accesses the service by way of a network The term applies to programs or devices that are part of a client-server model.
A client is a computer program that, as part of its operation, relies on sending a request to another computer program (which may or may not be located on another computer). For example, web browsers are clients that connect to web server and retrieve web pages for display. email retrieve email from mail server . Online chat uses a variety of clients, which vary depending on the chat protocol being used. Multi player game s or online video game may run as a client on each computer. The term "client" may also be applied to computers or devices that run the client software or users that use the client software.
A client is part of a client –server model, which is still used today. Clients and servers may be computer programs run on the same machine and connect via inter process communication techniques. Combined with internet sockets, programs may connect to a service operating on a possibly remote system through the internet protocol suite. Servers wait for potential clients to initiate connections that they may accept.
The term was first applied to device that were not capable of running their own stand-alone program, but could interact with remote computers via a network. These dumb terminals were clients of the time- sharing mainframe computer.
NETWORK CARD
A Network interface card, NIC, or Network card is an electronic component that connects a computer to a computer network, usually a LAN. It is considered a piece of computer hardware. Today, most computers are equipped with network cards
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Network cards enable a computer to exchange date with the network. To achieve the connection, network cards use a suitable protocol, for example CSMA/CD . Network cards usually Implemen t the first two layers of the OSL model, that is the physical layer, and the data link layer. Today , most network cards use Ethernet. Other network types are ARC Net, introduced in 1977
Some network cards do not use a cable to connect to the network, but an antena. They commonly use a number of protocols called IEEE802.11. People who are not computer scientist usually call IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN or Wi-Fi . Bluetooth is another way of wireless communication, usually over a short distance.
CABLES
A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted, or braided together to form a single assembly.
The term originally referred to a nautical line of specific length where multiple ropes each laid clockwise, are then laid together anti-clockwise and shackled to produce a strong thick line, resistant to water absorption, that was used to anchor large ships.
In mechines, cables, otherwise known aswire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling, and towing or conveying force through tension.
An optical cable contains one or more optical cables in a protective jacket that supports the fibers.
Electric cables discussed here are mainly meant for installation in buildings and industrial sites. For power transmission at distances greater than a few kilometres see high voltage cables,power cables , and HVDC.
NETWORKING CABLES are used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to shareprinter, scanner etc. Different types of network cables like Coaxial cable,optical fiber cable, Twisted pair cables are used depending on the network's topology ,protocal and size.
The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).
BENEFIT OF HAVING NETWORK COMPUTER
An advantage of computer work is that the work is able to be completed quickly and efficiently. With an Internet connection, the work can also be sent instantaneously to anyone anywhere in the world.
A disadvantage is that computer hardware often fails and people often forget to back up their work. This slows production and productivity.
you can share resources such as printers and data relatively easily. You can communicate to other users instantly
Look at the processing power of the computers. This number is expressed in GHz, or gigahertz. The higher the number, the faster the processing power. Faster processors are necessary