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ABSTRACT
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Natural Disasters or Natural Calamities, whatever you name it has for long been the most dreaded cause of mass destruction and loss of human lives, wealth and property. It destroys the beauty of earth, lives of humans and leave behind no traces of existence. It’s so severe in its approach that millions and billions of people and land vanishes and escape into oblivion in just a moment. But nothing fruitful or beneficial could be done as most of the people thought that these disasters are natural and cannot be averted. As they say, “MAN PROPOSES, GOD DISPOSES” so they have lived on with the same thought.
But with advancement of Science and Technology and with more research and development more and more Scientists, Engineers and Physicists concluded that although such a calamity cannot be averted but a proper precaution can be taken from it. They said “Where there is a will there is a way” and “Prevention is always better than cure” so with that thought they created an alarming or a warning system which would well beforehand makes the authorities and the people aware of the dangers so that precautionary measures can be taken and there is not much or massive loss of lives and property.
A warning system that can well in advance detect and alarm the people of the dangers and give us ample time to relocate ourselves so as to avoid the severity caused by the disaster. It uses sensors, microcontrollers and radio frequency so as to transmit and receive signals. With the technology still at its infant stage, a lot of automation needs to be done so as to prepare for a better tomorrow and the need of the hour is to stimulate the best use of growing science and technology.
INTRODUCTION
Previous statistics show the initial tsunami wave from the 1700 event reached the coast in 20 to 30 minutes. So time is limited. Geologic history showed waves with this event were as high as 30 feet. So you must get at least that high above sea level.
Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position
We are going to present advance Tsunami Warning System which helps minimize loss of life and property. We are using piezo electric vibration sensor to sense earth quake and its intensity. Due to earth quake the water height in sea increases so we are sensing sea water level. These two sensor will be placed at least 20 km from the sea coast. The reading from these two sensor is transmitted using 433Mhz FM transmitter to the coastal area. The FM receiver receives the transmitted data and AT89C52 process the data. We are using LCD to display the earth quake and the increased water level. If water level increased from the certain value, meaning tsunami is coming so buzzer starts beeping.
1.3 Working Approach
The whole project can be sub-divided into four basic sections. They are as follows :-
• Power Supply Section.
• Transmitter Section.
• Receiver Section.
• Fully Assembled Project.
1.3.1 Power Supply Section
This section comprises of a Transformer, Bridge rectifier, Voltage Regulator, Capacitors and Diodes. Here a 230 V AC supply is fed into the transformer which is being step down to 12 V AC supply through it. The Bridge Rectifier that includes four diodes in a wheat stone bridge type of arrangement is used to convert the 12 V AC supply into 12 V DC supply. This supply is then fed into an electrolytic capacitor that removes the spikes from the voltage supply and then introduced into the ceramic capacitor which reduces the noise component of the supply. The supply is regulated through a Voltage Regulator that converts the 12 V DC supply into 5 V DC supply. This supply is used by all the components present in the project.
1.3.2 Transmitter Section
This section comprises of the electrical probes and the piezo-electric sensor use to detect water level and vibration respectively. The vibration sensor has an operational amplifier that amplifies the signal and fed it to the transistor that sends negative pulses into the encoder and that sends the encoded value into the RF transmitter which transmits it to the other section on 434 MHz frequency.
1.3.3 Receiver Section
This section comprises of the RF Receiver that receives signals on 434 MHz and directs it into the decoder that sends the decoded value into a suitable form which is being used by the I/O ports of the 8051 series Atmega AT89C52 microcontroller. The other ports are connected to the 16*2 display section LCD and one port is connected to the buzzer. There is a crystal oscillator used here to provide timing signals and to the other port reset switch is connected to bring back the values back to zero.
1.3.4 Fully Assembled Function of the Project
All the sections mentioned above are then assembled together and work in tandem to form the whole working of the project. Each section i.e. Transmitter and Receiver has its own power supply and specifications.
When power supply is applied to both the section, the probes have been designed at a different position of sea level thereby defining the rise and fall of Tsunami. When the water level gradually increase the probes get connected so that they start conducting. The position of probes define different water levels as :
• Normal Wave
• High Wave
• Tsunami wave/ Danger Wave
The sensor used here is a piezo-electric sensor which is senses the vibration produced by the earthquake so when there is an earthquake along with the rising level of water, it results into a very high and dangerous waves of tsunami. This sensor and probes converts the driving force into a suitable form of electrical signal which is then amplified and is send to the encoder. Encoder convert these electrical signal into its digital form and sends it to the RF transmitter which transmits these signals as a component of frequency at 434 MHz.
Receiver receives these signal at the same frequency 434 MHz and sends it to the decoder that again converts it into a suitable form and sends it to the microcontroller.
Thus whenever there is any rise or fall of water level an appropriate message is being displayed on the LCD and a buzzer gets activated sending us a warning level.
With the transformer, manufacturers usually supply a diagram containing information about the primary and secondary windings, the voltages and maximal currents. In the case where the diagram is missing, there is a simple method for determining which winding is the primary and which is the secondary: a primary winding consists of thinner wire and more turns than the secondary. It has a higher resistance - and can be easily be tested by ohmmeter. Figure 3.6d shows the symbol for a transformer with two independent secondary windings, one of them has three tappings, giving a total of 4 different output voltages. The 5v secondary is made of thinner wire with a maximal current of 0.3A, while the other winding is made of thicker wire with a maximal current of 1.5A. Maximum voltage on the larger secondary is 48V, as shown on the figure. Note that voltages other than those marked on the diagram can be produced - for example, a voltage between tappings marked 27V and 36V equals 9V, voltage between tappings marked 27V and 42V equals 15V, etc
2.1.1 Working principles and basic characteristics
As already stated, transformers consist of two windings, primary and the secondary (figure 3.7). When the voltage Up is connected to the primary winding (in our case the "mains" is 220V), AC current Ip flows through it. This current creates a magnetic field which passes to the secondary winding via the core of the transformer, inducing voltage Us (24V in our example). The "load" is connected to the secondary winding, shown in the diagram as Rp (30Ω in our example). A typical load could be an electric bulb working at 24V with a consumption of 19.2W.
RESISTOR
Resistors are the most commonly used component in electronics and their purpose is to create specified values of current and voltage in a circuit. A number of different resistors are shown in the photos. (The resistors are on millimeter paper, with 1cm spacing togive some idea of the dimensions). Photo 1.1a shows some low-power resistors, while photo 1.1b shows some higher-power resistors. Resistors with power dissipation below 5 watt (most commonly usedtypes) are cylindrical in shape, with a wire protruding from each end for connecting to a circuit.
This resistor is called a Single-In-Line(SIL) resistor network. It is made with many resistors of the same value, all in one package. One side of each resistor is connected with one side of all the other resistors inside. One example of its use would be to control the current in a circuit powering many light emitting diodes (LEDs).
In the photograph on the left, 8 resistors are housed in the package. Each of the leads on the package is one resistor. The ninth lead on the left side is the common lead. The face value of the resistance is printed. ( It depends on the supplier. )
Some resistor networks have a "4S" printed on the top of the resistor network. The 4S indicates that the package contains 4 independent resistors that are not wired together inside. The housing has eight leads instead of nine. The internal wiring of these typical resistor networks has been illustrated below. The size (black part) of the resistor network which I have is as follows: For the type with 9 leads, the thickness is 1.8
mm, the height 5mm, and the width 23 mm. For the types with 8 component leads, the thickness is 1.8 mm, the height 5 mm, and the width 20 mm.
VARIABLE RESISTOR
2.3.1 Description
Variable resistors used as volume and other controls in radio and TV set are usually called ‘bots’ (short for potential divider- see below). They consist of an incomplete circular track of either a fixed carbon resistor for high values and low power (up to 2 W) or of a fixed wire – wound resistor for high powers. Connections to each end of the track are bought out to two terminal tags. A wiper makes contact with the track and is connected to a third terminal tag, between the other two. Rotation of the spindle moves the wiper over the track and changes the resistance between the center tag and the ones. ‘Slide’ type variable resistors have a straight track.
In a linear track equal changes of resistance occur when the spindle is rotated through equal angles. In a log track, the change of resistance at one end of the track is less than at the other for equal angular rotations.
Maximum values range from a few ohms to several mega ohms, common values are 10k Ohm, 50k Ohm, 100k Ohm, 500k Ohm and 1M Ohm.
Some circuits use small preset types, the symbol and form of which are shown in figs. These are adjusted with a screwdriver when necessary and have tracks of carbon or cermets (ceramic and metal oxide).
CAPACITOR
Capacitors are common components of electronic circuits, used almost as frequently as resistors. The basic difference between the two is the fact that capacitor resistance (called reactance) depends on the frequency of the signal passing through the item. The symbol for reactance is Xc and it can be calculated using the following formula:
f representing the frequency in Hz and C representing the capacitance in Farads.
For example, 5nF-capacitor's reactance at f=125kHz equals:
while, at f=1.25MHz, it equals:
A capacitor has an infinitely high reactance for direct current, because f=0.
Capacitors are used in circuits for many different purposes. They are common components of filters, oscillators,power supplies, amplifiers, etc.
The basic characteristic of a capacitor is its capacity - the higher the capacity, the higher is the amount of electricity it can hold. Capacity is measured in Farads (F). As one Farad represents fairly high capacity, smaller values such as microfarad (µF), nanofarad (nF) and picofarad (pF) are commonly used.
Capacitors come in various shapes and sizes, depending on their capacity, working voltage, type of insulation, temperature coefficient and other factors. All capacitors can divided in two groups: those with changeable capacity values and those with fixed capacity values. These will covered in the following chapters.
2.4.1 Block-capacitors (Fixed value)
Capacitors with fixed values (the so called block-capacitors) consist of two thin metal plates (these are called "electrodes" or sometimes called the "foil"), separated by a thin insulating material such as plastic. The most commonly used material for the "plates" is aluminum, while the common materials used for insulator include paper, ceramic, mica, etc after which the capacitors get named. A number of different block-capacitors are shown in the photo below. A symbol for a capacitor is in the upper right corner of the image.
2.4.2 Electrolytic capacitors:-
Aluminum is used for the electrodes by using a thin oxidization membrane.
Large values of capacitance can be obtained in comparison with the size of the capacitor, because the dielectric used is very thin.
Electrolytic capacitors represent the special type of capacitors with fixed capacity value. Thanks to special construction, they can have exceptionally high capacity, ranging from one to several thousand µF. They are most frequently used in circuits for filtering; however they also have other purposes.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized components, meaning they have positive and negative leads, which is very important when connecting it to a circuit. The positive lead or pin has to be connected to the point with a higher positive voltage than the negative lead. If it is connected in reverse the insulating layer inside the capacitor will be "dissolved" and the capacitor will be permanently damaged.
Explosion may also occur if capacitor is connected to voltage that exceeds its working voltage. In order to prevent such instances, one of the capacitor's connectors is very clearly marked with a + or -, while the working voltage is printed on the case.