19-07-2012, 12:54 PM
Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid Scooter
Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid Scooter.pdf (Size: 297.11 KB / Downloads: 66)
INTRODUCTION
hYBRID electric scooters (HES) have a great potential in
lowering emissions and reducing fuel demand as the ever
growing problems of air pollution and global warming
reached its critical stage. Although various researches are
carried out to reduce emissions and fuel dependencies for
four-wheeled vehicles, not much research are focused on twowheeled
vehicles.
Two-wheeled vehicles, especially motorcycles and scooters
contribute to a major part of air pollution, especially in the
Asia region [1]. For example, motorcycles in Jakarta,
Indonesia contributed to more than 20% in both PM10 and CO
and 40% of HC emissions during 1998 [2]. Whereas in
Hanoi, Vietnam, motorcycles contributes to about 54% of CO,
HC and Pb and 43% of dust [3]. Finally, in Taiwan where
emissions reports indicate that 38% of CO, 3% of NOx, 64%
of NMHC and 30% of PM were emitted from motorcycles and
scooters alone [4].
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
The dynamic models presented in this section show each
individual model that makes up the HES. Each individual
model was developed in Matlab/Simulink. The models are
vehicle dynamics model, hub motor model, battery model and
the internal combustion engine (ICE) model that makes up the
Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid Scooter
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems Engineering 1;3
entire HES structure. The features of this HES model are as
follows:
1) The model developed can be simulated on any driving
cycle but the boundary conditions must be met. The
boundary conditions include maximum speed of the
scooter and the hub motor as well as the maximum power
of the ICE and the hub motor.
OPERATION MODES
Six modes governed the operation of the HES over the
entire driving cycle. Each mode was identified by assigning
some certain boundary conditions. These boundary conditions
served as a signal when this mode operates during the driving
conditions. The modes are shown below.
Charging mode. This mode is where the ICE is operating
the scooter, while recharging the set of batteries through the
DC generator. This is the most efficient mode for highwaycruising,
as well as speeds just under 40 kph (urban areas).
The batteries upper and lower thresholds are defined, which
makes selection of this mode easier.
CONCLUSION
This paper discusses a simulation of a hybrid electric
scooter using the Matlab/Simulink platform. Four modes were
simulated. The ECE-15 cycle was simulated and verified with
the literature. This concludes that our model developed was
feasible. With that, three other modes were then simulated to
test the behavior of the scooter. All results obtained were all
within the initial prediction.
Having a feasible and working model allows us to predict
future important variables, such as emissions, fuel
consumptions and energy efficiencies. This multi mode
approach applied to the model provides flexibility for vehicle
optimization in the future. The simulation results verify the
capabilities of this control strategy.