27-09-2016, 03:23 PM
![Microsoft Word 2007 Document .docx](https://seminarproject.net/images/attachtypes/doc.gif)
Abstract—The science behind nanotechnology is understanding the control of matter at nano-scale. Nano, prefix denoting a factor of 10-9 i.e. material possessing grain sizes in the order of one billionth of a meter. Word nano has its origin in Greek meaning dwarf. When characteristic length scale of microstructure is in the range of 1-100nm. exhibit unique properties and provides opportunity to use nano-materials in novel applications and devices. Nanotechnology is the design, characterization production and application of structures, devices and the system based upon individual or multiple integrated nano-scale
. Introduction
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter in the range of 1-100 nanometers (nm), due to their unique phenomena, novel applications are possible but not feasible with bulk materials. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter, it very tiny and cannot be seen under normal microscope, the thickness of single sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nm. A strand of human DNA measure 2.5 nm in diameter. Today’s scientists and engineers are finding different methods to make materials deliberately of nanosize, in order to take advantage of enhanced properties. Physicist Richard Feynman is father of nanotechnology.Nanotechnology is beyond mixing of nanoscale materials together; it requires ability to understand, precisely manipulating and controlling those materials in constructive way. In 1985: Rice University researchers Harold Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley discovered Buckministerfullerene and team was awarded 1996Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Carbon nanotubes and carbon nanowires are also important nano materials used in nanotechnology.
Specialty of Nano scale
Nanoscale particles are already present in nature or science. However, advance study in area of microscopy; scientists have acquired a new tool to understand and take benefit of it. The naturally occurring matters are well organized at nanoscale and phenomena is based on “quantum effects”. In fact majority of biological processes occur at nanoscale, it has given scope for scientists to utilize unique physical, chemical, mechanical and optical properties to imagine and construct new processes that can enhance their work in medicine ,imaging ,computing, printing, chemical catalysis, synthesis of materials and many more fields. When particles are created in range of 1-100 nm. their properties change significantly, e.g. nanoscale gold particles appears purple, not the yellow color with which we all are familiar, this is rather due to restricted or confined motion of electrons in nanoscale gold particles .In pre-modern era the Lycurgus cup of 4th century is example of craftsmen’s empirical understanding and manipulation of materials made “dichroic” glass; by mixing colloidal gold and silver in glass which allow it to look “opaque green” when lit from outside but “translucent red” when light glow inside. 6th-15th Centuries vibrant color glass windows were present in European cathedrals; the nanoparticles were of gold chloride and other metal oxides.
In modern era, medical field, gold nanoparticles can selectively accumulate in tumor and show their presence precisely, then targeting it by laser destruction technique without harming healthy cells. Working on natural nanoscale of biology,it is a tool for many medical researchers for treatments and therapies, found to be more accurate and personalized than the conventional one. The building blocks of human life is DNA and one strand of DNA measures only 2.5nanometers in diameter. Researchers have also discovered that in photo-synthesis, plants derive energy from sunlight by quantum mechanical processes with nearly 100% efficiency, this has given “green energy” nano-system for inexpensive production and storage of solar power.
IV. Applications of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is used in various fields, like sunscreen, cosmetics, light weight automotive parts, sporting gadgets. Nanostructured catalysts make chemical manufacturing processes more efficient by saving energy and reducing waste. In healthcare nano ceramics are used in dental implants or to fill holes in diseased bones. Some pharmaceutical products have been reformulated with nanosize particles to improve their absorption and make them easier to administer. Opticians opt to apply nano coating on eye glasses to keep it clean and scratch proof. Almost all high performance electronics devices were made by using nanomaterials. Nanotechnology helps to make new transistor structures and to interconnect fastest, most advanced computing chips.
V. Conclusion
Nano science and nanotechnology are emerging areas of technological importance profound impact on variety of physical, chemical &biological sciences, engineering and medical fields. Scientists have utilize nanotechnology to make our homes, cars and business more energy efficient through new fuel cells, batteries and solar panels. It also helps to purify drinking water, detects waste and cleans the environment. Nanomaterial find use in food packaging industry to improve self- life and safety. Nano sensors can detect food borne pathogens. In medical field bio-barcode assay is relatively low cost method of detecting disease-specific biomarkers in the blood .It also helps in medical imaging tools like MRIs & CAT scans, found to be better and safe. In future nanotechnology based medicines may be available to treat patients, at present they are on clinical trials. Stronger, lighter and durable nanomaterial would replace existing materials used in making buildings, bridges, automobiles etc. Thus nanotechnology holds great potential and world will surely meet new horizon in future.