24-11-2012, 05:10 PM
NANO ROBTICS
NANO ROBTICS.docx (Size: 97.56 KB / Downloads: 36)
Abstract
Nanorobotics is the study of robotics at the nanometer scale, and includes robots that are nanoscale in size, i.e., nanorobots (which have yet to be realized), and large robots capable of manipulating objects that have dimensions in the nanoscale range with nanometer resolution, i.e., nanorobotic manipulators. Knowledge from mesoscopic physics, mesoscopic/supramolecular chemistry, and molecular biology at the nanometer scale converges to form the field. Various disciplines contribute to nanorobotics, including nanomaterial synthesis, nanobiotechnology, and microscopy for imaging and characterization. Such topics as self-assembly, nanorobotic assembly, and hybrid nanomanufacturing approaches for assembling nano building blocks into structures, tools, sensors, and actuators are considered areas of nanorobotic study. A current focus of nanorobotics is on the fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), which may serve as components for future nanorobots. The main goals of nanorobotics are to provide effective tools for the experimental exploration of the nanoworld, and to push the boundaries of this exploration from a robotics research perspective.
Introduction to Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology can best be considered as a 'catch-all' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, that is, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
An early promoter of the industrial applications of Nanotechnology, Albert Franks, defined it as 'that area of science and technology where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100 nm play a critical role' . It encompasses precision engineering as well as electronics; electromechanical systems (e.g. 'lab-on-a-chip' devices) as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas as diverse as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques.
The prefix nano is used to denote one billionth (1nm=10^-9) m). In present context, it has come to mean anything much smaller than our current standard capability. At the simplest level, Nanotechnology is the manipulation of single atoms and molecules to create objects that can be smaller than 100 nanometers. Important changes in behavior are caused not by the order of magnitude size reduction, but also by new phenomena, quantum mechanics and Coulomb blockade. It is notable that all relevant phenomena at nano-scale are caused by the tiny size of the organized structure as compared to molecular scale, and by the interactions at their predominant and complex interfaces.
WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Every living thing is made of cells that are chock-full of nano-machines-proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.-each jiggling around in the water of the cell, rubbing up against molecules, going about the business of life. Each one is perfect right down to the last atom. The workings are so exquisite that changing the location or identity of any atom would cause damage. Over the past century, scientists have learned about the workings of these biological nano-machines to an incredible level of detail, and the benefits of this knowledge are beginning to be felt in medicine. In coming decades, we will learn to modify and adapt this machinery to extend the quality and length of life. Bio-technology was the first Nanotechnology, and it has a long way yet to go. Twenty years ago, without even this crude chemotherapy any cancer patient would already be dead. But twenty years from now nano-technology will have given us specially engineered drugs which are nanoscale cancer-seeking missiles, a molecular technology that specifically targets just the mutant cancer cells in the human body, and leaves everything else blissfully alone. To do this, these drug molecules will have to be big enough-thousands of atoms-so that we can code the information into them of where they should go and what they should kill. They will be examples of an exquisite, human-made nanotechnology of the future. This is what the requirement of time now, and the challenge in front of an engg in this century. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that covers many areas of research dealing with objects that are measured in nanometers. A nanometer (nm) is a billionth of a meter, or a millionth of a millimeter.
Nanorobotic Technology:
Nanorobotics, an emerging field in medicine which states that nanorobots travel inside our bodies, digging for information, finding defects or delivering drugs. Basically, we may observe two distinct kind of nanorobot utilization. One is nanorobots for the surgery intervention, and the other is nanorobot to monitor patients' body. For the first case, a most suitable approach is the tele-operation of nanorobots as valuable tools for biomedical engineering problems. Hence, for example surgery experts guiding a minimally invasive medical procedure. For cases such as monitoring the human body, the nanorobots are expected to follow a defined set of specified activation rules for triggers of designed behaviors. In such case the nanorobot is designed to be able to interact with the 3D human body environment, in order to fulfil programmed tasks. The nanorobots require specific controls, sensors and actuators, basically in accordance with each kind of biomedical application. Sensors may be wireless ultra fast, super sensitive, and non-invasive and may use chemical, electronic or photonic based detection .
Nano-robots Inside Our Bodies:
Among biomedical problems, monitoring nutrient concentrations into the human body is a possible application of nanorobots in medicine. Nanorobots might be used as well to seek and break kidney stones.One interesting nanorobot utilization is also to assist inflammatory cells (or white cells) in leaving blood vessels to repair injured tissues.
NANO ROBTICS.docx (Size: 97.56 KB / Downloads: 36)
Abstract
Nanorobotics is the study of robotics at the nanometer scale, and includes robots that are nanoscale in size, i.e., nanorobots (which have yet to be realized), and large robots capable of manipulating objects that have dimensions in the nanoscale range with nanometer resolution, i.e., nanorobotic manipulators. Knowledge from mesoscopic physics, mesoscopic/supramolecular chemistry, and molecular biology at the nanometer scale converges to form the field. Various disciplines contribute to nanorobotics, including nanomaterial synthesis, nanobiotechnology, and microscopy for imaging and characterization. Such topics as self-assembly, nanorobotic assembly, and hybrid nanomanufacturing approaches for assembling nano building blocks into structures, tools, sensors, and actuators are considered areas of nanorobotic study. A current focus of nanorobotics is on the fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), which may serve as components for future nanorobots. The main goals of nanorobotics are to provide effective tools for the experimental exploration of the nanoworld, and to push the boundaries of this exploration from a robotics research perspective.
Introduction to Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology can best be considered as a 'catch-all' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, that is, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
An early promoter of the industrial applications of Nanotechnology, Albert Franks, defined it as 'that area of science and technology where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100 nm play a critical role' . It encompasses precision engineering as well as electronics; electromechanical systems (e.g. 'lab-on-a-chip' devices) as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas as diverse as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques.
The prefix nano is used to denote one billionth (1nm=10^-9) m). In present context, it has come to mean anything much smaller than our current standard capability. At the simplest level, Nanotechnology is the manipulation of single atoms and molecules to create objects that can be smaller than 100 nanometers. Important changes in behavior are caused not by the order of magnitude size reduction, but also by new phenomena, quantum mechanics and Coulomb blockade. It is notable that all relevant phenomena at nano-scale are caused by the tiny size of the organized structure as compared to molecular scale, and by the interactions at their predominant and complex interfaces.
WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Every living thing is made of cells that are chock-full of nano-machines-proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.-each jiggling around in the water of the cell, rubbing up against molecules, going about the business of life. Each one is perfect right down to the last atom. The workings are so exquisite that changing the location or identity of any atom would cause damage. Over the past century, scientists have learned about the workings of these biological nano-machines to an incredible level of detail, and the benefits of this knowledge are beginning to be felt in medicine. In coming decades, we will learn to modify and adapt this machinery to extend the quality and length of life. Bio-technology was the first Nanotechnology, and it has a long way yet to go. Twenty years ago, without even this crude chemotherapy any cancer patient would already be dead. But twenty years from now nano-technology will have given us specially engineered drugs which are nanoscale cancer-seeking missiles, a molecular technology that specifically targets just the mutant cancer cells in the human body, and leaves everything else blissfully alone. To do this, these drug molecules will have to be big enough-thousands of atoms-so that we can code the information into them of where they should go and what they should kill. They will be examples of an exquisite, human-made nanotechnology of the future. This is what the requirement of time now, and the challenge in front of an engg in this century. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that covers many areas of research dealing with objects that are measured in nanometers. A nanometer (nm) is a billionth of a meter, or a millionth of a millimeter.
Nanorobotic Technology:
Nanorobotics, an emerging field in medicine which states that nanorobots travel inside our bodies, digging for information, finding defects or delivering drugs. Basically, we may observe two distinct kind of nanorobot utilization. One is nanorobots for the surgery intervention, and the other is nanorobot to monitor patients' body. For the first case, a most suitable approach is the tele-operation of nanorobots as valuable tools for biomedical engineering problems. Hence, for example surgery experts guiding a minimally invasive medical procedure. For cases such as monitoring the human body, the nanorobots are expected to follow a defined set of specified activation rules for triggers of designed behaviors. In such case the nanorobot is designed to be able to interact with the 3D human body environment, in order to fulfil programmed tasks. The nanorobots require specific controls, sensors and actuators, basically in accordance with each kind of biomedical application. Sensors may be wireless ultra fast, super sensitive, and non-invasive and may use chemical, electronic or photonic based detection .
Nano-robots Inside Our Bodies:
Among biomedical problems, monitoring nutrient concentrations into the human body is a possible application of nanorobots in medicine. Nanorobots might be used as well to seek and break kidney stones.One interesting nanorobot utilization is also to assist inflammatory cells (or white cells) in leaving blood vessels to repair injured tissues.