30-08-2014, 02:37 PM
NATIONAL OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK(NOFN) At present OFC (Optical Fibre Cable) connectivity is available in all State Capitals, Districts, HQs and upto the Block Level. There is a plan to connect all the 2,50,000 Gram panchayats in the country. Equipment Resource Planning(ERP) project has been designed to maximize utilization of available resources such as CPE,different cards or other equipments.B.S.N.L is planning to maintain an online record for its various equipments which are its essential resources.so
1. Introduction to Transmission Transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving of an analog and digital signal. 1.1 Medias of transmission • Guided media • Unguided media • 1.1.1 Guided media Guided media is the transmission media in which data or signal is guided by cable or wire so used to a specific path. There are four types of guided media Open wire:Open wire is traditionally used to describe the electrical wire strung along power poles. There is a single wire strung between poles. No shielding or protection from noise interference is used. We are going to extend the traditional definition of open wire to include any data signal path without shielding or protection from noise interference. This can include multi conductor cables or single wires. This medium is susceptible to a large degree of noise and interference and consequently is not acceptable for data transmission except for short distances under 20 ft. fig. 1.1: Open wire system Twisted pair : The wires in twisted pair cabling are twisted together in pairs. Each pair consists of a wire used for the +ve data signal and a wire used for the -ve data signal. Any noise that appears on 1 wire of the pair will also occur on the other wire. Because the wires are opposite polarities, they are 180 degrees out of phase (180 degrees - phasor definition of opposite polarity). When the noise appears on both wires, it cancels or nulls itself out at the receiving end. Twisted pair cables are most effectively used in systems that use a balanced line method of transmission: polar line coding (Manchester Encoding) as opposed to unipolar line coding (TTL logic). Fig 1.2: Twisted pair i. Coaxial cable It consists of an inner conductor and a coaxial outer conducting sheath separated by dielectric medium. They are used as TV cables, telephone cables, power cables etc. Fig. 1.3: Coaxial cable ii. Optical Fiber : It consists of core and cladding. The information passes through core in the form of totally internal reflected TEM waves. fig. 1.4: Optical Fiber 1.1.2 Unguided media (Wireless media) It does not use any physical connectors between two devices communicating. There are three types of unguided waves :- I. Radiowaves : Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. The antennae on your television set receive the signal, in the form of electromagnetic waves, that is broadcasted from the television station. It is displayed on your television screen. Cable companies have antennae or dishes which receive waves broadcasted from your local TV stations. The signal is then sent through a cable to your house Example:-AM radio, FM radio, TV (non-cable), TV (satellite), police radio etc. Fig. 1.5: Radio Wave region to EM Spectrum II. Microwaves: Microwaves have wavelengths that can be measured in centimeters! The longer microwaves, those closer to a foot in length, are the waves which heat our food in a microwave oven. Fig. 1.6: Microwave Microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place to another because microwave energy can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds, and smoke. III. Infrared waves : Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Shorter, near infrared waves are not hot at all - in fact you cannot even feel them. These shorter wavelengths are the ones used by your TV's remote control. Fig. 1.7: Infrared Wave 2. Principle of light propagation in fiber The light enters into a glass fiber from one end and gets reflected within fiber.It follows a zigzag path along the length of fiber. Fig. 2.1: Fiber Optic Internal Reflection • The light which travels from one end to other end of glass fiber is said to have guided through the fiber. • The light stays inside the fiber and does not escape through the walls because of the “total internal reflection” taking place inside the fiber. • This total internal reflection can take place only if following two conditions are satisfied:- I. The glass fiber core must have refractive index higher than the refractive index of cladding around the core. II. The angle of incidence of light entering the fiber must be greater than critical angle. 2.1 Classification of optical fibers :- 2.1.1Based on material of core and cladding used:- a) Glass core and glass cladding b) Glass core and plastic cladding c) Plastic core and plastic cladding 2.1.2 Based on index profile:- The index profile tells us about change in refractive index and nature of variation in refractive index w.r.t. to radial distance. Two types are:- a) Step index fibers:-In these fibers, the refractive index of fiber changes in steps. They are of three types:- i. Unclad core ii. With glass clad core iii. W-profile fiber In step index fibers, due to sudden transition of refractive index at the interface of core and cladding, these rays get reflected back and they follow a zig-zag path inside the fiber core. b) Graded index fibers:- In these fibers, the refractive index is maximum at center of core and reduces gradually towards the walls of core and remains constant in cladding. In these fibers, due to modification of index profile, the light gets refracted inside the fiber core and doesnot travel in straight line, they are curved towards the center of core. 2.1.3 Based on modes of propagation:- Modes refer to number of paths followed by light rays inside the optical cable. Two types are:- a) Single mode fibers:- b) These are called single mode fibers because they support on one mode of propagation (TE, TM or TEM). • The optical signal traveling inside the fiber has only one group velocity. • Due to single mode traveling, the amount of dispersion is less. • They are high quality fibers used for wideband communication and they are fabricated from doped silica to reduce attenuation. They can have step index or graded index profile. c) Multimode fibers:- • These are called multimode fibers because they support simultaneous propagation of many modes. • Each mode has its own group velocity and each mode will follow its own path while traveling from transmitter to receiver. • Due to presence of more than one modes, the intermodel dispersion will exist. Multimode fibers are fabricated using multi-component glasses or doped silica and they can have step index or graded index profile. Fig. 2.2: Various modes of propogation 2.1.4 Based on number of fibers:- a) 6 fiber cable b) 12 fiber cable c) 24 fiber cable d) 48 fiber cable e) 96 fiber cable 2.2 Colour coding in fibers:- 1) Blue 2) Orange 3) Green 4) Brown 5) Slate 6) White 7) Red 8) Black 9) Yellow 10) Violet 11)Pink 12 )No colour • In 6 fiber cable, there are six number of fibers of colours blue, orange, green, brown, slate, white. • In 12 fiber cable, there are twelve number of fibers of colours mentioned above in colour coding. • 24 fiber cables are classified into two types based on the arrangement of fibers:- i. It consists of six fibers of colours blue, orange, green, brown, slate, white which further consists fibers of colours blue, orange, green, white each. i. Ii. It consists six fibers in which two fibers are of colours blue and orange and remaining four are of colour white. These six fibers further consist of four fibers of colours blue,orange,green,white. • In 48 fiber cables, there are 4 tubes. Each tube consist of 12 fibres. • In 96 fiber cables, there are 8 tubes, each tube has 12 fibers of colours mentioned above in colour coding. 2.3 Advantages of optical fiber communication a) Small size and light weight:-The size of optical fiber is very small.Therefore a large number of optical fibers can fit into the cable of small diameter. b) Easy availability and low cost:-The material used for manufacturing of optical fibers is silica glass. This material is easy available. So, optical fiber cost lower than cables with metallic conductors. c) No electrical or electromagnetic interference:-Since the transmission takes place in a form of light rays, the signal is not affected due to any electrical or electromagnetic interference. d) Larger bandwidth:-As the light rays have a very high frequency in GHz range, the bandwidth of optical fiber is extremely large. This allows transmission of more number of channels.Therefore information carrying capacity of optical fiber is much higher than that of coaxial cable. 2.4 Disadvantages of optical fiber communication:- 1. Sophisticated plants are required for manufacturing optical fiber. 2. The initial cost incurred is high. 3. Joining the optical fiber is a difficult job. 3. Optical light sources :-(LED and LASER) Fig. 3.1: LED Optical signals begin at the source with lasers or LEDs transmitting light at the exact wavelength at which the fiber will carry it most efficiently. The source must be switched on and off rapidly and accurately enough to properly transmit the signals. Lasers are more powerful and operate at faster speeds than LEDs, and they can also transmit light farther with fewer errors. LEDs, on the other hand, are less expensive, more reliable, and easier to use than lasers. Lasers are primarily used in long-distance, high-speed transmission systems, but LEDs are fast enough and powerful enough for short-distance communications, including video communications. Lasers and LEDs are both semiconductor devices that come in the form of tiny chips packaged in either TO-style cans that plug into printed circuit board or microlens packages, which focus the beam into the fiber. LEDs used in fiber optics are made of materials that influence the wavelengths of light that are emitted. LEDs emitting in the window of 820 to 870 nm are usually gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAIAs). “Window,” in this usage, is a term referring to ranges of wavelengths matched to the properties of the optical fiber. Long wavelength devices for use at 1300 nm are made of gallium indium arsenide phosphate (GaInAsP), as well as other combinations of materials.Lasers provide stimulated emission rather than the simplex spontaneous. 3.1 Characterstics of Laser light • Nearly monochromatic: The light emitted has a narrow band of wavelengths. It is nearly monochromatic—that is, of a single wavelength. In contrast to the LED, laser light is not continuous across the band of its special width. Several distinct wavelengths are emitted on either side of the central wavelength. • Coherent: The light wavelengths are in phase, rising and falling through the sine-wave cycle at the same time. Highly directional: The light is emitted in a highly direction pattern with little divergence. Divergence isthe spreading of a light beam as it travels from its source. 3.1.1Fiber Optic Light Source Spectral Width: Material dispersion causes the fact that different wavelengths travel through a fiber at different velocities. The dispersion resulting from different velocities of different wavelengths limits bandwidth. Lasers and LEDs do not emit a single wavelength; they emit a range of wavelengths. This range is known as the spectral width of the source. It is measured at 50 percent of the maximum amplitude of the peak wavelength. 3.2Photodetector:- Fig. 3.2: Photodetector An optical detector is a device that converts light signals into electrical signals, which can then be amplified and processed. The photodetector is an essential an element of any fiber optic system as the optical fiber or the light source. Photodetectors can dictate the performance of a fiber optic communication link. 3.2.1 Semiconductor Photodiodes Semiconductor photodiodes are the most commonly used detectors in optical fiber systems since they provide good performance, being small in size, and are of low cost. Semiconductor photodiodes are made of silicon, germanium, GaAs, InGaAs, etc. 3.2.2 How Does a Photodetector Work? The following illustration shows how a photodetector work. The detector is electrically reverse-biased. (In contrary, LEDs and Lasers are forward-biased to emit light). Fig. 3.3: Schematic diagram of diode In the first illustration when there is no light, the reverse bias draws current-carrying electrons and holes out of the p-n junction region, creating a depleted region, which stops current from passing through the diode. In the second illustration when there are lights on the detector, photons with the proper energy (wavelength) can create electron-hole pairs in this region by raising an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving a hole behind. The bias voltage causes these current carriers to drift quickly away from the junction region, so a current flows proportional to the light hitting the detector. The wavelengths at which the detector responds to light depend on the detector’s material composition.The most common semiconductor photodetector is the PIN photodiode as shown below. Fig. 3.4: PIN Photodiode 3.2.3PIN photodetector:-PIN photodiode has an intrinsic (very lightly doped) semiconductor region sandwiched between a p-doped and an n-doped region (as shown below). Fig. 3.5: PIN Photodetector The PIN photodiode is reverse-biased as shown above. Since the intrinsic (i) region has no free charges, its resistance is high, so that most of the reverse-biased voltage is applied to this i region.The i region is usually wide so that incoming photons have a greater probability of absorption in the i region rather than in the p or n regions.Since the electric field is high in the i region, any electron-hole pairs generated in this region are immediately swept away by the field. e-h pairs generated in the p and n regions have to first diffuse into the depletion region before being swept away. Also, these e-h pairs may suffer recombination, resulting in a reduced current. 4. Optical power meter An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to measure the power in an optical signal. The term usually refers to a device for testing average power in fiber optic systems. A typical optical power meter consists of a calibratedsensor, measuring amplifier and display. The sensor primarily consists of a photodiode selected for the appropriate range of wavelengths and power levels. On the display unit, the measured optical power and set wavelength is displayed. Fig. 4.1: Optical Power Meter 4.1EXFO FLS-2100 Optical light source:-The FLS-2100 light source is a single- or dual-wavelength LED or laser source. With its impressive stability and its 10-db variable output, the FLS-2100 is particularly well-suited to the most demanding laboratory and manufacturing qualification applications. The FLS-2100 can be remotely controlled through a GPIB or RS-232 interface. The setup button to the right of the display gives access to a single-level menu. The following diagram shows the menu and its items:- STEP > DIMMER > GPIB-RS > EXIT > STEP To move(in a loop) between the menu items, use the left/right arrows.To exit the menu: Press the setup button; or Scroll (left/right arrows) until EXIT is displayed, then press ENTER. Fig. 4.2: Optical light Source 4.1.1OPERATION:- Turning the FLS-2100 On and Off To turn the unit on and off,use the red button in the lower left corner of the front panel. Activating and Deactivating the source To activate and deactivate the source, press on/off. When the source is activated, source On is displayed and a marker indicates the source output status:CW,270 kHz modulation, or 2 kHz modulation. Continuous or Modulated Output Once the source is activated (source On is displayed), press CW for a continuous wave signal or press Modulation for a modulated signal. Pressing Modulation toggles between the available modulation states. Changing wavelength To toggle between the available wavelengths, press ƛ. The current wavelength is always indicated in the lower portion of the display. Changing the output power Once the source is activated, you can attenuate the output power upto 10 db below the maximum output power level. To increase attenuation to the output power,press Up. To decrease attenuation to the output power, press Down. The attenuation is increased or decreased by one step( a choice of 0.1,0.5, or 1.0 db). To change the attenuation step size, 1. Press setup. 2. Scroll(left/right arrows) to STEP. 3. Press ENTER. The current step size will start flashing. 4. Use the up/down arrows to select a new step size (0.1,0.5, or 1 db). 5. Press ENTER. 6. To exit the Setup menu, press Setup. Setting the display intensity Display intensity may be set to high or low. You can also turn off the display without turning off the unit. 1. Press Setup. 2. Scroll (left/right arrows) to DIMMER. 3. Press ENTER. The current dimmer state will start flashing. 4. Use the up/down arrows to modify the dimmer: LOW, HIGH, or OFF. 5. Press ENTER. 6. To exit the Setup menu, press Setup. 5. Attenuators 5.1Types of attenuators:- 5.1.1Fixed fiber optic attenuators:-Single-Mode Fixed Fiber Optic Attenuators offer low return loss, high mode stability and a variety of attenuation values: 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dB. Fig. 5.1: Adapter Fixed Fiber Optic Attenuators FC/FC 5dB 5.1.2Variable fiber optic attenuators:-The variable optical attenuator could continually and variably attenuate the light intensity in the optical fiber transmission. Types:- Active fiber optic attenuator:-They require external supply for their operation. Passive fiber optic attenuator:-They require external supply only once and after fixing the attenuation, supply can be removed. 5.2EXFO FVA-3150 VARIABLE:- fig. 5.2: Variable optic attenuator 5.2.1Operation:- When a light source is connected to the given attenuator, the light can be attenuated by any required value(in db).We can vary the amount of loss (which is to be provided to the light coming from optical light source) by using different buttons or knobs on the attenuator. It will result in the loss of power of light coming. Observation:- When we will check the power of light after attenuation using power meter, it will be less than that before attenuation. Thus if the power of light is more than required, then we can reduce it by using various attenuators. 6.Patch cords and convertor 6.1Types of patch cords: 6.1.1 LC-LC Patch cords: LC stands for lucent connector. The cords having lucent connectors at both ends are called LC-LC patch cords. Fig. 6.1: LC-LC patch cord 6.1.2 FC-SC Patch cords:- FC stands for floral connector and SC stands for Square connector. The cords having flural connector at one end and square connector at other end are called FC-SC patch cords. Fig. 6.2: FC-SC Patch cord 6.1.3 FC-LC Patch cords: FC stands for floral connector and LC stands for lucent connector. The cords having floral connector at one end and lucent connector at other end are called FC-LC patch cords. Fig. 6.3: FC-LC patch cord 6.1.4FC-FC Patch cords:- FC stands for floral connector. The cords having floral connectors on both sides are called FC-FC patch cords. Fig. 6.4: FC-FC patch cord 6.1.5Pig-tail:- The cords having one end without any connector(i.e. open) are called pig-tails. Fig. 6.5: Pig tail 6.2 Optical to Ethernet convertors :- These devices convert an Ethernet UTP electrical signal into light signals for transmission over fiber optic cable. Fig. 6.6: Optical to Ethernet Convertor Example:- If we want to transmit a broadband signal from one computer to another computer which is at a far distance from it, Then at first we will connect our computer and this convertor through straight cable. Then this convertor will covert that electrical signal to light signal and light signal will reach to another convertor at another station through optical fiber( attached between them), then another convertor will convert that optical signal to electrical signal and that electrical signal can be sent to another computer through straight cable. 6.3 RJ-45 connector:- The RJ-45 connector is commonly used for network cabling and for telephony applications. It's also used for serial connections in special cases. Here's a look at it: Fig. 6.7: RJ-45 connector Pinout for Ethernet 6.2.1Colour coding in RJ-45 connector:- Fig. 6.8: Color coding 6.2.2Position numbers of pins of connector according to position of the connector:- Fig. 6.9: Position number of pins 6.3 Crossover Cable Sometimes you will use crossover cable, it's usually used to connect same type of devices. A crossover cable can be used to: 1) Connect to computers directly. 2) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port. (normally used for expanding network) 3) Connect to switches/hubs by using normal port in both switches/hubs. Table 1: Color coding in crossover cable Fig. 6.10: 8-wire crossover cable 7.System A set of detailed methods, procedures, and routines established or formulated to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem. 7.1 Customer premises equipment : Customer premises equipment (CPE) is telephone or other service provider equipment that is located on the customer's premises (physical location) rather than on the provider's premises or in between. Telephone handsets, cable TV set-top boxes, and Digital Subscriber Line routers are examples. Historically, this term referred to equipment placed at the customer's end of the telephone line and usually owned by the telephone company. Today, almost any end-user equipment can be called customer premise equipment and it can be owned by the customer or by the provider. 7.2STM (Synchronous transport module) system:- Types:- • STM 1 system • STM 4 system • STM 16 system 7.2.1STM 1 system: Fig. 7.1: STM1 system The equipment establishes a 622/155 Mb/s trans system whose high flexibility allows to set up various configurations mainly line terminal or insert/ drop multiplexer with protection option.. The equipment can be configured independently in Mesh, Ring, linear and Bus architectures and also a mix of the above. The main features of the system is 1) Easy network manageability 2) Flexible configuration 3) Lower cost per line 4) Easy upgradeability 5) Support for both data and voice over SDH 6) Higher reliability 7.3 INSTALLATION: 7.3.1 E3 (34Mb/s) connection: The E3 (34Mb/s) traffic is received and transmitted through an interface (TE31) card. The connectivity is made through two BNC connectors (Tx & Rx). 7.3.2 Ethernet connection: The Ethernet traffic is received and transmitted through an Ethernet interface (TP01) card. The connectivity is made through an RJ45 connector. Connect the cable to RJ45 connector to the marked position and ensure that retention slide operates to hold the connector in place. 7.3.3 STM1 connection: (Optical) The STM1 optical traffic is received and transmitted through STM1 interface on the base card. The connectivity is made through an SC connectors (Tx & Rx) 7.3.4 STM1 connection: (Electrical) The STM1 electrical traffic is received and transmitted through STM1 interface on the base card. The connectivity is made through two BNC connectors (Tx & Rx). In simple words, • 10/100 base T FE ports are used to get electrical signal as input. • 10 base T FX ports are used to get optical signal as input. • STM 1 optical ports are used to receive and trans left hand and right hand traffic. Both ports are used simultaneously in the case when ring is formed. The device SFP (small form factor pluggable) is inserted in these ports( which has the laser diode and photodiode to convert electrical energy to light energy and vice versa respectively). Fig. 7.2: SFP • The pins are external i/o connectors. • Small LEDs are there to give indication of power and alarms. • There are also some another ports like Alarm/Diag ports, Craft/F1 port, BITS clock port. • There is one NMS port to access the system. 7.4 TO ACCESS THE SYSTEM:- • Connect the NMS port of the system with computer. • Open Control panel > Network and Internet > Network and sharing center as shown below: Fig. 7.3: Opening screen of Network Sharing centre • In network and sharing center, click on View status, Then the given dialog box will open: Fig. 7.4: Local area connection status • Click on properties in the dialog box, then another dialog box ‘Local area connection properties’ will open as: Fig. 7.5: Selection of TCP/IP Protocol Then select the option- Internet Protocol version 4[TCP/IPv4] and click on properties and then click on the option use the following IP address: Fig. 7.6: Properties of IP version4 In Internet protocol version 4[TCP/IPv4] properties dialog box, • Fill the default gateway, it will be the Ethernet ID of the system. • Then fill the IP address, it will be the Ethernet ID of that system with last two digits changed. • After that click on OK button, the subnet mask will be automatically filled. After all these settings, open the internet explorer and fillthe address of that particular station which we want to observe. The address will be the Ethernet ID of system present there, if computer is connected directly to that system otherwise the address will be its router ID. Example:- We want to observe the details of system present in Bhagta, then we will fill the Ethernet ID of Bhagta as:- http://192.168.91.100:20080 and then press enter, then after filling the username and password given, the details of the system present at Bhagta will open and we can view it, edit it, delete it or we can add new connections to it. Fig. 7.7: Mozilla firefox homepage After filling the address and pressing enter, the following page will be displayed. This page contains the information of that particular system and we can check the various parameters of system and can make various changes in system by using the options given in left box. Fig. 7.8: System information To add the new connections or to delete the existing ones, select the option configuration >cross connection. Then the given page will be opened. • Click on Add cross-connect option to add new connection. • Click on select all > delete option to delete all the connections or any particular connection can be deleted by selecting that particular one. Fig. 7.9: Adding new crossconnections • To check the power (transmitted or received), select Performance > Current interval > STM > Left/Right OLTE > Trans / receive power. • To check the left and right neighbour of any particular station, follow the sequence:- Maintenance > Diagnostic > OSPF Monitor > Neighbours. The Ethernet ID of left and right neighbours will be displayed. Fig. 7.10: NE Information To open the system of any another system at another station (e.g. here JLL), click on ‘+’ option and then fill the address (Router ID) of that station and press enter. Fig. 7.11: Entering the IP Address of the system After pressing enter, fill the user name and password given and press OK button. Fig. 7.12: Authentication After pressing OK, that particular system will open (here JLL) as:- Now we can do various modifications in this system also. Fig. 7.13: Modifying the system 7.4.1 RING BBGT-JLL-BDP-KGR-SLB-MLK-BGT Fig. 7.14: System Ring 8.ERP Project 8.1 Introduction Equipment Resource Planning(ERP) project has been designed to maximize utilization of available resources such as CPE,different cards or other equipments.B.S.N.L is planning to maintain an online record for its various equipments which are its essential resources.so for example if sangrur exchange wants A STM1 instead of buying a new one it can look for a spare STM-1 in the online database through ERP project. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is having countrywide presence with wire line & wireless telephone subscribers and offer hosts of other services like Data communication, National long distance, International Long Distance, Internet, Broadband, Multiplay, Leased Line, etc. The Company proposes to implement Enterprise Resource Planning in BSNL. The objective of ERP system is to improve the information flow to facilitate better decision making leading to overall improvement in the performance of the organization by way of improvements in productivity, cycle time, financial performance and information, transparency. The project shall prepare BSNL to face new challenges due to competition by providing effective and efficient business processes and improved operational efficiencies besides aiding in better decision making. Fig8.1 Database of the various equipments Fig8.2 Database of various equipments(Aklian Kalan) Fig8.3 Database of the various equipments(Doomwali Exchange) Fig 8.4 Database of the various equipments(Bathinda Outdoor) Fig 8.5 Database of the various equipments(Bambiha,Guha) Fig 8.6 Node slot view 9.NATIONAL OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK(NOFN) 9.1 INTRODUCTION At present OFC (Optical Fibre Cable) connectivity is available in all State Capitals, Districts, HQs and upto the Block Level. There is a plan to connect all the 2,50,000 Gram panchayats in the country. This will be done by utilizing existing fibres of PSUs (BSNL, Railtel and Power Grid) and laying incremental fibre to connect to Gram Panchayats wherever necessary. Dark fibre network thus created will be lit by appropriate technology thus creating sufficient bandwidth at the Gram Panchayats. This will be called the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN). Thus connectivity gap between Gram Panchayats and Blocks will be filled. Non-discriminatory access to the NOFN will be provided to all the Service Providers. These service providers like Telecom Service Providers(TSPs), ISPs, Cable TV operators and Content providers can launch various services in rural areas. Various categories of applications like e-health, e-education and e-governance etc. can be provided by these operators. The NOFN project is estimated to cost about Rs. 20,000 Cr. It is proposed to be completed in 2 years’ time. The project will be funded by the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). BENFITS OF NOFN NOFN has the potential to transform many aspects of our lives including video, data, internet, telephone services in areas such as education, business, entertainment, environment, health households and e-governance services. fig9.1Declaration Fig9.2 Bathinda OLT port and Splitter Summary Fig 9.3 Bathinda Block Splitter Sheet1 Fig 9.4 Bathinda Block Splitter Sheet2 Fig 9.5 List of Sarpanch of Bathinda Block Conclusion As we know transmission of data has become an important part of our day to day life . We can’t think of life without telephones ,mobiles or internet. During our training at B.S.N.L. we came across a variety of techniques & instruments that makes the process of transmission speedy & error free.The future of field of transmission seems bright a lot still needs to be done and our stint at B.S.N.L. will surely help us to find ways to improve the current technology. ERP and NOFN projects are still in their introductory phase but when implemented completely they will revolutionize the way things work today.