07-11-2012, 01:45 PM
MAINSTREAMING TOURISM FOR RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION USING VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: A CASE IN PENARIK, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
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BACKGROUND
“ Tourism can be used as a way of addressing poverty, not as a panacea but as a useful tool of development and poverty alleviation especially in developing countries ”
(Christie, 2002; Jamieson, Goodwin, Edmunds, 2004)
Tourism’s potential for being pro-poor lies in four main areas:
Tourism is a diverse industry - increases the scope for wide participation
The customer comes to the product - provides considerable opportunities for linkages
Tourism is highly dependent upon natural capital - assets of the poor
Tourism can be more labour intensive - higher proportion of tourism benefits.
(Ashley, Roe and Goodwin, 2001)
KEY CONCEPTS
Who is most affected by Rural Poverty?
Those who live in remote areas, have higher child/adult ratios, work in insecure and low-income jobs and belong to ethnic minorities.
Most rural poor are smallholder farmers and fishermen who live in low-fertility regions and are dependent on uncertain rainfall. Their survival depends on subsistence crops, and sometimes on livestock and fishing.
(IFAD, 2001)
Approach to link tourism with poverty alleviation
Pro Poor Tourism: lead by Overseas Development Institute in late 1990s
“tourism that results in increased net benefits for the poor”
(Ashley, Roe, & Goodwin, 2001)
Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating Poverty (ST~EP): lead by UNWTO, supported by UNCTAD in 2002
“…will help to promote socially, economically and ecologically sustainable tourism, aimed at alleviating poverty and bringing jobs to the people…”
(UNWTO, 2002)
The Fact…
As many as 75% of the world’s poor live in rural areas (IFAD, 2001:15)
Poverty rates remain the highest in the predominantly rural areas of Malaysia - 70.6% - based on Poverty Line Income (PLI) of RM657 per month (Government of Malaysia, 2006)
Top tourism destinations, particularly in developing countries, include national parks, wilderness areas, mountains, lakes, and cultural sites, most of which are generally rural.
As the 2nd largest economic contributor to the Malaysian economy, tourism has become the priority tool to energize the rural economy.
Pro-poor tourism is still a relatively new phenomenon in Malaysia, although certain elements of pro-poor tourism may be observed in the tourism developments.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Understand the nature of the existing level of knowledge on tourism for poverty alleviation in rural area of Malaysia.
Identify the existing linkages (potentials and constraints) between tourism and local economy in Penarik, Terengganu.
Analyse the involvement of key stakeholder (roles and interactions) related factors enabling and constraining (potentials and constraints) in application of tourism as a tool for rural poverty alleviation in Penarik, Terengganu.
MALAYSIA at a glance…
The number of international tourists to Malaysia in 2009 was 24.6 million, compare to 22.0 million in 2008 - generating a revenue of RM 49 billion (Tourism Malaysia, 2009)
Poverty in Malaysia – 3.6% in 2007 and 7.1% in rural area – poverty alleviation strategies include: macro economic strategies, capacity building, & social equity.
Findings from Pilot Study…
Most of the resort’s consumers are dominated by domestic tourists and high-end
mainstream holiday package tourists
Up to half of earnings of the poor come from food supply chain
Most of the local products from the farmers and fishermen supply to the resort –
local linkages exist
The resort as an example of mainstreaming provides ‘x’ benefits versus
comparison with home-stay (non-mainstreaming) provides ‘y’ benefits – how both
of these can work together.
Researcher identified 5 product chains as holding competitive opportunities
for the community to link with the resort
Fruit and vegetable agriculture,
Fishing
Cultural activities
Artisan products
Local food
CONCLUSION
Contribution to tourism - Tourism has the potential to benefit the poor, decreasing inequality and mainstream the linkage from a narrow focus on community to all kind of things where communities could benefit through tourism – Need all possible poverty alleviation tools.
Relevant to the Malaysian case – Very recently, tourism started to adopt tourism as a tool for reducing poverty – still need thorough research as a model.
Very recently the Malaysian Government has moved to adopt PPT in part for CBET in its eastern provinces of Sabah and Sarawak, and has joined with other BIMP countries to implement a five year strategy for that purpose.