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Abstract
An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage, electricity shortage, electricity crisis. So an alternative energy source is required which is cheap, no natural input source is required to generate electricity. This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY using SPEED BREAKERS.
In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into electricity. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plate, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional speed breaker. When the breaker comes down, the rack and pinion mechanism (translatory to rotary motion converter) is fitted beneath. This in turn rotates a fly wheel at the middle of shaft which rotates a gear at the end of the shaft and then rotation transfer to gear train (rpm increased). The output of this gear train is coupled to a generator to convert rotational energy into electricity. A vehicle weighing 300 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such speed breaker produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilowatt of electricity can be produced every single minute.
INTRODUCTION:
1.1 Background :
An innovative and useful concept of Generating Electricity from a Speed breakers our step to improve the situation of electricity .First of all what is electricity means to us? Electricity is the form of energy. It is the flow of electrical Power. Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Direct current (DC) electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines.
Electricity generation was first developed in the 1800's using Faradays dynamo generator. Almost 200 years later we are still using the same basic principles to generate electricity, only on a much larger scale. Now we are throwing some light on the very new and innovative concept i.e. GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM A SPEED BREAKER. Producing electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept that is undergoing research. India's installed capacity is nearly 20 per cent of China's capacity though both countries have billion plus people. There is roughly 12 per cent power deficit in the peak hours. Tariffs are set by the state governments so power firms are not allowed to pass on rising fuel costs to consumers. Banks are burdened with loans to loss-making state-run electricity distribution firms and are unwilling to lend to new projects that do not have assured fuel supply. India has nearly 10 per cent of the world's coal reserves but lack of environmental clearances and other disputes have hindered production. Shortage of domestic supply has resulted in costlier imports.
Coal fired power plants account for more than half of India's power generation.From 2001 – 2004, India’s oil demand has been growing by 2.68% but it will grow by 6.33% from 2003 – 2004 (projection from Qtr 1, IEA, 2004)
• Oil and gas represent 38% of India’s energy consumption (IBEF, 2004)
• By 2010, India will be the fourth largest consumer of oil and gas in the world (IBEF, 2004)
• (In fact, China’s demand growth is even more - disastrously - rapid)
Likewise the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-consumption, infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. EMERGING SHORTAGES Crisis that currently exist include; • Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq. Iraq is #3 in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves. However some observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December 2005. If this is correct it is also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power
The availability of regular conventional fossil fuels will be the main sources for power generation, but there is a fear that they will get exhausted eventually by the next few decades. Therefore, we have to investigate some approximate, alternative, new sources for the power generation, which is not depleted by the very few years. Another major problem, which is becoming the exiting topic for today is the pollution. It suffers all the living organisms of all kinds as on the land, in aqua and in air. Power stations and automobiles are the major pollution producing places. Therefore, we have to investigate other types of renewable sources, which produce electricity without using any commercial fossil fuels, which is not producing any harmful products. There are already existing such systems using renewable energy such as solar wind), OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversions) etc…for power generation. The latest technology which is used to generate the power by such renewable energy is the” POWER HUMP”
The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if we convert some of the Potential energy of these vehicle into the rotational motion of generator then we can produce considerable amount of electricity, this is the main concept of this project. At present we are facing shortage of electricity. Electricity can be generated using speed breakers, strange, isn't it? The benefits from this idea will be to generate electricity for the streetlights, hoardings and then for other use.Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is always lost in environment and of which we can’t make use of….OR directly we can say that all this energy that we can’t make use of is just the WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the principle of “POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system.
Classification of roads and standard specifications
The classification of roads mainly depends on traffic volume, load to be transported, locations and functions. Based on the traffic volume, roads are classified as heavy, medium and light traffic roads. Similarly, based on the road transported, they are classified as class-I, class-II or class-A, class-B, etc. The acceptable classification is based on the locations and functions. The Nagpur road congress classified the roads on the basis on locations and functions as follows.
(1) National Highways (NH)
(2) State Highways (SH)
(3) Major District Roads (MDR)
(4) Other District Roads (ODR)
(5) Village Roads (VR)
They are discussed as follows
(1) National highways (NH)
These are main roads running throughout the whole country connecting capitals of the states, major ports, foreign highways, large industrial and tourist plots including roadways essential for the strategic movements for defence of the country. It has been agre3ed that NH should be constructed by central government with collaboration of state PWD. National highways should be frame of entire road communications of the country. All highways may be of different specifications. All of them are assigned with different names like NH1, NH2, NH37, and NH49 so on.
(2) State Highways (SH)
The arterial roads of the states connecting national highways of nearby states, district head quarters and important cities within the states are called state highways. They serve as the main arteries for the traffic to and from the district roads. Their geometric design specifications and design speed are more or less to NH.
(3) Major District Roads (MDR)
These are important roads of the districts connecting areas of production, markets. They also connect each other or with main highways of the districts. The geometric design specifications and speed are lower than NH or SH.
(4) Other District Roads (ODR)
These are roads connecting rural areas of production, outlets to market centres, circle head quarters, block development centres and other main roads. Their design specifications are lower than MDR.
(5) Village Roads (VR)
These roads connect villages or group of villages. They also connect nearest roads of higher category like MDR. They are also very important for farms established in village areas.
Indian road network is administered by various government authorities, given India's federal form of government. The table below describes the regulating bodies.
TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE WORLD IS 17 TERAWATTS (2012)
Energy is the source of the global economy, and it plays significant role in the development of almost all sectors in the modern world. Stable, reasonably priced energy supplies are central to maintain and improve the living standards of billions of people. Since the world is facing the energy crisis which is a great bottleneck in the supply of energy resource to an economy. Total energy consumption of the world is 17terawatts in 2012. The reason for the crisis is over consumption, aging infrastructure, but the main reason is dependence on non-renewable sources of energy instead of utilising the renewable sources.
1.2.2 SCARCITY OF THE FUEL:
Consumption of fossil fuels is increasing day by day at higher pace. As these fuels are exhaustive in nature they are going to deplete in the coming 30 years. The principle of supply and demand suggests that as hydrocarbon supplies diminish, prices will rise. Therefore higher prices will lead to increased alternative, renewable energy supplies as previously uneconomical sources become sufficiently economical to exploit. Artificial gasoline and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than convectional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.
It is our moral responsibility that we should save some amount of fossil fuels for our next generation. If all the available fossil fuels is consumed completely now then nothing will be remaining for upcoming generation. So this is the time to switch ourselves to energy source which is in exhaustible in nature.
1.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:
More than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels also produces other air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals. Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change. In addition, the sector has significant impacts on water, habitat and species. In particular, hydro dams and transmission lines have significant effects on water and biodiversity.
Combustion of fossil fuels generates sulphuric, carbonic and nitric acids in environment, which fall to earth as acid rain impacting both natural areas and the built environment. Monuments and sculpture made from marbles and limestones are particularly vulnerable, as the acids dissolve calcium carbonate.
Harvesting, processing and distributing fossil fuels can also create environmental concerns. Coal mining methods, particularly mountain top removal and strip mining, have negative environmental impacts, and offshore oil drilling poses a hazard to aquatic organisms. So there is a necessity for the ecofriendly alternate fuels which will address these issues
1.3 Sustainability issues :
1.3.1 Technical Benefits
• Smooth working of gear system
• No chance of strucking
• No need of complex systems
1.3.2 Economic Benefits
• Power hump which is relatively cheap and affordable
• Due to smooth running there is less maintenance cost
• No running cost
1.3.3 Social Effects:-
• Gives good scope for research to be carried out on power hump
• Alternate source for street lights
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT
To design and fabricate a mechanism below speed breaker hump, which when pressed by the moving vehicle because of its weight, will move downslide and generate the power which can be stored inside the storage battery which power can be utilised for the signalling system and the street lights.
The utilisation of energy is a sign in a growth of a nation. A recent survey on the energy consumption in India had published a pathetic report that 85,000 villages in India do not still have electricity. Supply of power in most part of the country is inadequate. Hence more research, advancement and commercialization of technologies are necessity in this field. India, improbably the top developed countries has very poor roads. Considering about a particular road itself comprises of many speed breakers. By just building a unit like the “Power generation through road humps”, plenty of energy can be tapped. This energy can be utilised for the street lights and thus much power that is exhausted by these lights can be used to send power for these villages.
1.4.1 System Modelling :
Designing of the different components with the proper and standard design procedures, so that to obtain the parameters.
After referring to related journal papers with different mechanisms the model was built as a proof of concept with the suitable mechanism
Our current design is approximately matching with the parameters of the components required for the model.
Fabrication of the spring and hump with the required specifications
Welding of the base frame and supporting legs for the hump and also for the base with the specified material.
Fabrication of the final model with the required dimensions and according to the design prepared to achieve the objective of our project.
1.4.2 Need Statement :
Because of the increase in the population there is an increase in the requirement of electrical energy. At the present scenario the demand cannot be met with the present energy sources .Hence there is a need to develop a system which generates electricity by a commonly used systems.
1.4.3 GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
The project is concerned with generation of electricity from speed breakers-like set up. The load acted upon the speed breaker - setup is there by transmitted to rack and pinion arrangements.
Here the reciprocating motion of the speed-breaker is converted into rotary motion using the rack and pinion arrangement. The axis of the pinion is coupled with the sprocket arrangement. The sprocket arrangement is made of two sprockets. One of larger size and the other of smaller size (free wheel). Both the sprockets are connected by means of a chain which serves in transmitting power from the larger sprocket to the smaller sprocket. As the power is transmitted from the larger sprocket to the smaller sprocket, the speed that is available at the larger sprocket is relatively multiplied at the rotation of the smaller sprocket. The axis of the smaller sprocket is coupled to a fly wheel. The fly wheel is coupled to the shaft at axis of the smaller sprocket. Hence the speed that has been multiplied at the smaller sprocket wheel is passed on to this fly wheel of larger dimension. The smaller sprocket is coupled to the larger fly wheel. So as the larger fly wheel rotates at the multiplied speed of the smaller sprocket, the smaller sprocket following the larger sprocket still multiplies the speed to more intensity. Hence, although the speed due to the rotary motion achieved at the larger sprocket wheel is less, as the power is transmitted to fly wheel, finally the speed is multiplied to a higher speed. This speed which is sufficient to rotate a shaft connected to generator. The rotor (shaft) rotates the generator. The generator produces the DC current. This DC current is now sent to the storage battery where it is stored during the day time. This current is then utilized in the night time for lighting purposes on the either sides of the road to a considerable distance.
1.6 Scope of our Project
It is well suited for 2-wheeled vehicles, such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque and ultimately output of generator.
1.6.1 Scope for Future:
• Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque and ultimately output of generator.
• More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.
• It may also be used for light vehicle also
• Still many villages in our country do not have sufficient electricity, so efficient mechanism should be adapted and more research and development is needed in this field.
1.7 Limitations
• Chances of damage at higher speeds of vehicle
• Worthy when installed in heavy traffics
• Shaft alllignment issues
• Low power Generation
• Chances of getting rusted in rainy season
• Limited range of speed of vehicles (5-10km).
1.8 Organization of the report:
First of all, according to the problem definition the designs and calculations were made. We classified the contents into chapters and the contents allotted the respective chapters. Chapter 1 includes introduction, need analysis, sustainability issues , evolution of problem statement, project scheduling ,scope of work and limitations of the work. Chapter 2 includes literature survey,socio-professional aspects of our project. Chapter 3 includes design calculations, details of design implementations and optimization chart and detailed design. Chapter 4 includes product realization and experimental studies etc.,,, Chapter 5 includes result and discussions of our project
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Literature review:
2.1.1 Literature 1:
Mohsen partodezfoli [2] and associates (2012) have constructed and conducted experiment “.A Novel Speed-Breaker for Electrical Energy Generation Suitable for Elimination of Remote Parts of Power Systems where is Near to Roads” .To harness the wasted kinetic energy of vehicle flow in speed breakers of streets, a novel Speed-Breaker Generator (SBG) proposed. This paper presents a novel speed-breaker generator (SBG) for extraction of kinetic energy of vehicle flow in the street. The SBG composed of two translators and three stators. By passing the vehicle over the SBG, the both translators are pressed down and generating electrical power in stators.
Mohsen partodezfoli [2] used the mechanism in which the translators will be pushed down. Since the magnets have provided a high density magnetic field in the air-gaps, motion of translators cause to induction of voltage in translators’ windings. The produced power will be transferred via the flexible wires to output terminal of generators. Thus the produced electricity can be used for the different purposes.
The main disadvantage is in this system is introduced and designed based only on the simulations of magnetic flux lines and magnetic flux density in no load condition. As the magnet moves downwards after vehicle passes over the system, there are more chances of failure.
Md.Saiful Islam and his associates [4] done the experiment on “Generation of Electricity Using Road Transport Pressure”, this paper attempts to show how energy can be produced, stored and used using the road transport pressure or any kind of pressure. The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in roads is increasing day by day. There is possibility of tapping the energy and generating power by making the speed breaker as a power generation unit.
In this paper attempt was made with the help of lever mechanism in which as the pressure lever is pressed the flywheel will rotate by chine sprocket gear mechanism, it will force to rotate the DC generator because DC generator and flywheel are in same shaft. DC generator will produce electricity by the rotation of armature coil and generated electricity will be stored in a rechargeable battery.
The limitation of this mechanism is it is not so flexible due to the many gear arrangements that has been done and since the lever mechanism is used it is complicated for the proper load distribution of the vehicle on the equipment which may cause the misbalancing in both vehicle and in arrangement.
Alok Kumar and his associates [3] carried out the experiment on “Generation of Electricity through the Speed Breaker Mechanism” in which they used 12V permanent magnet DC generator. The DC voltage can be generated and then connected to the inverter to convert it into 230V of DC. This is sufficient enough to glow street lights.
They used crankshaft mechanism for converting linear motion into rotary motion and this rotary motion is transmitted with the help of sprocket with chain drive and compound gears to the generator. Crank-shafts are required to be mounted on bearings which creates balancing problem leading to Mechanical Vibrations. As bearings are of sliding type, any occurrence of variable load leads to balancing problems
. 2.1.2 NEED OF ROAD HUMPS, STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
Speed humps were originally developed in Great Britain by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL). Extensive research was conducted on test tracks in a laboratory with vehicles travelling at various speeds over various hump sizes and shapes. The parabolic shaped speed hump used throughout Europe, Australia, and New Zealand was developed by TRRL. After extensive research, it was found that the ideal speed hump is 12 feet long and 3-4 inches high.
The question of installing speed humps or any other residential traffic control device usually comes from residents who are concerned about safety in their neighbourhoods. Before installation, however, research and data collecting concerning current speeds, stop sign obedience, and pedestrian activity need to qualify the traffic problems.
Speed humps are designed for public residential roadways that have two lanes or less at a posted speed limit of 30 mph or less, and 85th percentile speeds of 31-34 mph. Roadways that carry traffic volumes of 600-5000 vehicles per day are good candidates for speed hump installation.
Speed humps should be placed so that vehicles do not approach at high speeds. They should also be placed on property lines and near street lights. To be effective, speed humps should be placed in series at 200-600 foot intervals. Speed humps should not be placed on curves, transit routes, or major emergency response routes. When designed and installed properly, speed humps will reduce vehicle speeds to 15-20 mph at the hump and 25-30 mph between humps in a series.
Before installation, the following should be done:
1. Traffic engineering studies to determine if the route in question is a good candidate for speed humps.
2. Enforce existing laws and ordinances regarding speed limits, revising if necessary.
3. Educate residents on the causes of the speeding problem and possible solutions.
4. Install traffic control devices (regulatory, warning, and guide messages) in conformance with the MUTCD.
5. Consider legal liability. Speed humps are not addressed in the Manual for Uniform Traffic Control Device and public agencies have been held liable for damage and/or injury resulting from speed humps. It is important to document justification for all decisions made concerning installation and to review state and local laws to identify regulations pertaining to roadway design, roadway maintenance, traffic control, and other elements that might be related to the use of speed humps or other geometric design features.
6. If the problem is not solved with the above strategies, consider using speed humps.
If designed, installed, and maintained properly, speed humps can be a safe, effective method of reducing vehicle speeds through residential areas.
EXTRACTION OF POWER FROM ROAD HUMPS
There are many mechanisms through which the power can be generated by utilising the road humps as a source so that the kinetic energy that is gone waste when vehicle passes on the humps is converted to electrical energy to improve upon the economy of a country. Some of the included mechanisms are briefly explained below.
When the vehicle will come on the speed breaker because of its weight the top portion of the speed breaker moves down wards and the shaft consisting of the U portion rotated in a particular direction. Due to this rotation of the shaft the sprocket will rotate and the rotational energy from one shaft is transferred to the other shaft with the help of chain drive mechanism. This rotates the gear on the bottom shaft, which in turn will help to rotate the gear placed on motor. This rotation of the gear starts the generator and generates electricity which can be stored in the battery and can be converted in A.C current using inverter and used for lighting of the lamps, signals sign boards on the road [3].
On the other hand when the vehicles have passed over the bump the top will retain its position with the help of the spring provide and the chain drive will rotate in the reverse direction without rotating the gears. In this mechanism the power is generated only during the downward motion and not in the reversed motion of the top portion of the breaker [4].
The figure 1.1 shows the mechanism in which, when automobile vehicle are running on the specialized Speed Breaker it will create pressure on the pressure leaver which is kept under specialized speed breaker. When pressure lever is pressed the flywheel will rotate by chine sprocket gear mechanism, it will force to rotate the DC generator because DC generator and flywheel are in same shaft. DC generator will produce electricity by the rotation of armature coil and generated electricity will be stored in a rechargeable battery. This electricity can be used later for lighting bulb during night time on the road side.
The speed humps should be placed on property lines for noise abatement. Although the overall noise level along a hump controlled section of roadway is not increased significantly, the noise of a vehicle traversing a hump can increase. Humps can also be placed on property lines for aesthetic reasons. Humps should be placed near street lights to increase night time visibility.
Speed humps should not be placed on sharp curves (either vertical or horizontal). If the curves are too sharp, it can result in lateral an0d/or vertical forces on the vehicle when traversing the speed hump. Speed humps should not be placed on a vertical curve with less than the safe stopping sight distance. Placing humps on horizontal curves increase the risk of losing control of a vehicle because it will not approaching perpendicular to the hump.
Speed humps should not be placed on major emergency vehicle response routes. In Britain, fire department and ambulance drivers reported having to slow down to 10 mph when crossing each hump to avoid damage to on board equipment, thus increasing emergency response time.
Speed humps along a street can divert traffic to a nearby route. If traffic engineering studies show that the diverted traffic may cause equal or greater problems on a nearby route, speed humps should not be installed.
Although speed humps have been proven to be effective at reducing speeds, there are drawbacks. Installed speed humps have actually been removed in response to resident complaints. The major complaints have been aesthetics of having speed humps and the increased noise level at each hump although the net noise change throughout the controlled strip is insignificant.
Although they are the most important group, more than just the residents are affected by the installation of speed humps. Other groups such as emergency service providers, street maintenance providers, school districts, transit operators, refuse collection agencies will be affected and should, therefore, be informed and consulted concerning the installation of speed humps.
PRESENT DAY NEED FOR POWER GENERATION
¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ In the present day scenario power has become the major need for human life. Energy is an important input in all the sectors of any countries economy. Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of works by human beings and nature. Everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Most people use the word energy for input to their bodies or to the machines and thus think about crude fuels and electric power. Energy in the form of electricity plays a very important role in the life of a normal man. Electricity is one of the greatest wonders of science. Next to man, it is the most important and revolutionary creation in this world of ours .It has practically revolutionized the world.
Many things are done with electricity nowadays. Air conditioners, machines in factories, to run trains and buses. Electricity has completely revolutionized the methods of travel and transport .It has enabled us to travel in aeroplanes and fly into cold atmosphere of the sky and also the electric trains in our country. So today our whole life style is dependent on electricity with the increasing population the use of electric power is also increasing. But we know that the resources to generate electricity are limited, and this has lead to the energy crisis.
The day-to-day increasing population and in mean time decreasing convectional energy sources for power generation, makes to think on non-convectional energy resources. This project is looking forward to conserve the kinetic energy that gone wasted, while vehicles move. In this project focus is done on the fixed speed-breaker at the streets since a high amount of vehicles kinetic energy is wasting there. There are thousands of crowed cities with enormous flow of vehicles offers high amount of energy can be considered as near to urban resource of energy. Also, extraction of such energy allows eliminating of transmission system between the remote areas and urban area for lightings purposes.
This project attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used system- the road speed breakers. The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in the roads is increasing rapidly day by day. A large amount of energy is gone waste at the speed breakers through the dissipation of heat and friction, every time when a vehicle passes over it. At present there is great possibility of tapping this energy and generating power by constructing the speed breaker as a unit of power generation.
Beneath the speed breaker, setting up an electro-mechanical unit known as power hump, could help to preserve this energy and use it for power generation. The electrical output can be augmentative by arranging these power humps in series. This generated power can be preserved, by using different electrical devices. This energy can be furnished to street lights, traffic lights and nearby areas, and thus helps in country’s economy.
HISTORY ABOUT THE ROAD HUMPS
Speed humps were originally developed in Great Britain by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL). Extensive research was conducted on test tracks in a laboratory with vehicles traveling at various speeds over various hump sizes and shapes. The parabolic shaped speed hump used throughout Europe, Australia, and New Zealand was developed by TRRL. After extensive research, it was found that the ideal speed hump is 12 feet long and 3-4 inches high.
In the United States, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) began testing the TRRL speed humps in 1979 in St. Louis and concluded that they were safe to continue with public street testing. In 1983, the Subcommittee of California Traffic Control Devices supported, via a public report, the use of speed humps on public streets. Speed humps are now being used in Florida, California, Oregon, and other locations.
Australia developed an alternative to the original TRRL speed hump. The Australian Road Research Board designed the "flat-topped" hump which is 22 feet long and 3-4 inches high. The flat-top section is made of brick paving and has asphalt or concrete ramps. This design is more aesthetically pleasing and it reduces the pavement deformation problems associated with asphalt humps.
Speed humps have gained acceptance as a traffic calming device by North American and international jurisdictions. However, design and application varies widely between jurisdictions, and speed humps often meet resistance from residents and road users. In 1997, the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) published a Recommended Practice for the design and application of speed humps. The recommended practice is now being updated to provide state of-the-practice guidelines for speed humps and speed tables.
2.1.3 Applicable Codes and Regulations
• AGMA 2001-C95 or AGMA-2101-C95 Fundamental Rating factors and Calculation Methods for involute Spur Gear and Helical Gear Teeth
• BS 436-4:1996, ISO 1328-1:199 Spur and helical gears. Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth
• BS 436-5:1997, ISO 1328-2:1997 Spur and helical gears. Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to radial composite deviations and runout information
2.3 Summary of literature survey :
The principle of the electric power generation using speed breaker mechanism is very simple. It is based on the same principle as in the case of electricity generation in case of hydroelectric power plant, thermal electric power plant, nuclear power plant, geothermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy etc. In all of the above power plant mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy .In this setup also mechanical energy is converted into electrical power using a D.C. generator. The project is concerned with generation of electricity from speed breakers-like set up. The load acted upon the speed breaker - setup is there by transmitted to rack and pinion arrangements. Here the reciprocating motion of the speed-breaker is converted into rotary motion using the rack and pinion arrangement. The axis of the pinion is coupled with the sprocket arrangement. The sprocket arrangement is made of two sprockets. One of larger size and the other of smaller size. Both the sprockets are connected by means of a chain which serves in transmitting power from the larger sprocket to the smaller sprocket. As the power is transmitted from the larger sprocket to the smaller sprocket, the speed that is available at the larger sprocket is relatively multiplied at the rotation of the smaller sprocket. The axis of the smaller sprocket is coupled to a gear arrangement. Here we have two gears with different diameters. The gear wheel with the larger dimension is coupled to the axis of the smaller sprocket. Hence the speed that has been multiplied at the smaller sprocket wheel is passed on to this gear wheel of larger dimension. The smaller gear is coupled to the larger gear. So as the larger gear rotates at the multiplied speed of the smaller sprocket, the smaller gear following the larger gear still multiplies the speed to more intensity. Hence, although the speed due to the rotary motion achieved at the larger sprocket wheel is less, as the power is transmitted to gears, finally the speed is multiplied to a higher speed. This speed which is sufficient to rotate the rotor of a generator is fed into to the rotor of a generator. The rotor which rotates within a static magnetic stator cuts the magnetic flux surrounding it, thus producing the electric motive force (emf).
This generated emf is then sent to an inverter, where the generated emf is regulated. This regulated emf is now sent to the storage battery where it is stored during the day time. This current is then utilized in the night time for lighting purposes on the either sides of the road to a considerable distance.
Study of Gear Trains
Velocity ratio of Gear trains
We know that the velocity ratio of a pair of gears is the inverse proportion of the diameters of their pitch circle, and the diameter of the pitch circle equals to the number of teeth divide by the diametral pitch. Also, we know that it is necessary for the mating gears to have the same diametral pitch so that to satisfy the condition of correct meshing. Thus, we infer that the velocity ratio of a pair of gears is the inverse ratio of their number of teeth.
For the ordinary gear trains we have (Fig a)
These equations can be combined to give the velocity ratio of the first gear in the train to the last gear:
Design and Calculations
3.1 Details of design implementation :
3.1.1 Design objective/ objective tree
1. Power generated through moving vehicles stamping on the road humps. For doing this no recurring expenses, comparatively for other type of energy generations recurring expenses are incurred per unit.
2. Energy being generated can be stored in the storage batteries which can be later utilized whenever required.
3. More electricity is produced by increasing many segments all clubbed onto the main shaft of the generator.
4. The objective of our project is to produce electricity by very low price.
5. In our country there is too much short fall of electricity and we try to over come this problem by non conventional source of electricity.
7. It should be of least cost, as well as of less weight.
8. Easy in design & construction.
9. Efficiency should be as high as possible.
10. Losses should be minimum.
11.This mechanism is very economical and easy to install.
12.Two protocols of this type of speed breakers are developed in India not practically implemented till date.
14. Lots of researches and investigations are going on to practically utilize this technique.
16. Create a device which generates electricity while regulating the speed of cars.
3.1.2 Design Attributes:
• Use of available source of energy
• Available at cheap price.
• Pollution free; ecofriendly.
• Easily accessible & available. Less maintenance
• Easily repairable, replaceable. Low investment
• Safety.
3.1.3 Design Specifications :
• Weight of the vehicle: (100-300kg)
• Speed of the vehicle: 5-10kmph.
• Power developed for 1 vehicle (150kg) passing over the speed
breaker arrangement for one minute = 2.452 watts
3.1.4 Design Constraints
• Weight of the vehicle
• Speed of the vehicle
• Compactness
• Transmission of electricity
• Power output
3.2 DESIGN ALTERNATIVES:
We can develop electricity from speed breakers by using 3 Mechanisms basically
They are as follows:
1) Roller mechanism
2) Crank-shaft mechanism
3) Rack-pinion mechanism
4)Dual crank mechanism
Rack-pinion mechanism
While moving, the vehicles possess some Potential Energy due to its weight and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage. POWER HUMP is a dome like device likely to be speed breaker. Whenever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome and are compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction.. So that the shafts will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a set of gears to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density.
The electrical output can be improved by arranging these POWER HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electrical devices
Advantages
Rack-Pinion assembly gives good mounting convenience
Maximum gear losses– 3 to 5%
Approximate Efficiency– 95%
Since this mechanism is convenient to produce ample amount of energy with maximum efficiency, we have chosen this method for our project with a very simple and effective design for generating electricity using a generator.