10-06-2014, 03:41 PM
PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALLING
AT RAILWAYS
1370257492-36470383TrainingReportIndianRailway.pdf (Size: 388.08 KB / Downloads: 37)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Any collateral activity cannot be truly finished without the help &
enthusiasm of the supervisors involved. Additional technical assistance
were provided by many individuals.
I would like to express the deepest appreciation to the
DRM(Signal & Telecommunication), Mr. R.K. Kataria for the guidance
and persistent throughout the training period.
Also, I would like to thank the DRM employees who elaborated
the technical details of the various technologies ongoing in their
department.
It has been a pleasure working with the DRM, Kota in the
enhancement of my technical knowledge. I owe gratitude to many
individuals involved in the development of this report
PREFACE
Engineering students gain theoretical knowledge only through
books. Only theoretical knowledge is not sufficient for absolute
mastery in any field. Theoretical knowledge in our books is not of much
use without knowing its practical implementation. It has been
experienced that theoretical knowledge is volatile in nature; however
practical knowledge imparts solid foundation in our mind.
To accomplish this aspect, “RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, KOTA” has included training for students of B.Tech. III
Year of 30 days in our curriculum.
We have covered in this report the history ,latest developments in
Railway IT interface as well as related fields. We have studied the
various uses of IT in railways like PRS,DataLogger, IVRS,FOIS and CRIS.
We have also covered the RailNet, its objectives, various phases of
implementation, utility of RailNet and various issues in RailNet.
This report is infact a summary of, what I have learnt and seen
during my training in “Railway Organization, Kota.” Succeeding
chapters give details what I have learnt in Divisional Railway
Manager (DRM) Office, Kota.
INDIAN RAILWAY
INTRODUCTION:-
Indian Railway (Hindi: भारतीय रे ल ) is the state-owned railway company of
India, which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the
Ministry of Railways of the Government of India.
India boasts one of the world’s largest railway network in the world. Every day, 20
million people travel around the country in hundreds of trains running between various
stations smoothly and safely.
The formal inauguration ceremony of IR was performed on 16th April 1853
with the first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a
distance of 36 km, on 15th August, 1854 .
Principles of Train working and need for signaling:-
All over the world Railway transportation is increasingly used, as this mode of
transport is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than road transportation.
Trains move on steel rail tracks and wheels of the railway vehicle are also flanged Steel
wheels. Hence least friction occurs at the point of contact between the track & wheels.
Therefore trains carry more loads resulting in higher traffic capacity since trains
move on specific tracks called rails, their path is to be fully guided and there is no
arrangement of steering. Clear of obstruction as available with road transportation,
so there is a need to provide control on the movement of trains in the form of Railway
signals which indicate to the drivers to stop or move and also the speed at which they can
pass a signal.
Since the load carried by the trains and the speed which the trains can attain are high,
they need more braking distance before coming to the stop from full speed. Without
signal to be available on the route to constantly guide the driver accidents will take place
due to collisions.
There are basically two purposes achieved by railway signaling :
To safety receive and dispatch trains at a station.
To control the movements of trains from one station to another after ensuring that
the track on which this train will move to reach the next station is free from
movement of another train either in the same or opposite direction.
Apart from meeting the basic requirement of necessary safety in train operation, modern
railway signaling plays an important role in determining the capacity of a section .The
capacity decides the number of trains that can run on a single day. By proper signaling
the capacity can be increased to a considerable extent without resorting to costlier
alternatives.
The essential components of railway signaling
The fixed signals provided by the side of the railway track with indication in the
form of colour lights are the actual authority to a driver to get in to the portion of
the track beyond the signal. At stations the trains may be received on any one of
the platform lines.
To take the train to any specific track, points are provided. The purpose of the
point on the track is to divert the train from one track to adjacent one. Hence the
signal has to be connected to the points in an arrangement called interlocking.
This Interlocking arrangement only ensures that a point is correctly set for the
particular route or a track and the signal conveys this information to the driver.
Trains run on dedicated line .A line consists of two rails running parallel to each other.
This is also called “Track”.
Track:-
Indian railways uses 4 gauges:-
Broad Gauge – It is 1,676mm of 5'6” wide & operational in most parts of
the country with 96,851 km of track length (86.8% of entire track length of
all the gauges) .
Standard Guage – It is smaller than the above with 1,435mm width.
Metre Guage - It is ,obviously, 1,000mm wide common in regions with
less traffic, such as hilly areas.
Narrow Guage – It is 610 mm wide .
Clearance of track:
Since a train cannot be received on the portion of track where another train is
standing on same portion of the track, the signal before it is cleared for the movement of
a train has to ensure the track clearance. There are equipments used in Railway signaling
to achieve the above safety condition.
Data Loggers/Train Monitoring Systems:-
Train Monitoring System monitors the movements of trains within the control
section from remote control room and graphically simulates online Status of the multiple
stations (Digitized Yard Layouts with Train Movements) in LCD Monitors.
More than one Station yard Layout can be viewed in each Monitor depending on the size
of the Yard.
The IR uses Datalogger, Delphi developed by Efftronics Pvt. Ltd., Vijayawada .
Kota Division uses services of Dataloggers since '98 .
➔ Technically speaking, a data logger is any device that can be used to store data.
This includes many data acquisition devices such as plug-in boards or serial
communication systems which use a computer as a real time data recording
system.
➔ However, most instrument manufacturers consider a data logger a standalone
device that can read various types of electrical signals and store the data in internal
memory for later download to a computer.
➔ The advantage of data loggers is that they can operate independently of a
computer, unlike many other types of data acquisition devices.
➔ Contemplating over the fact that 98% of accidents happen due
to incorrect signal perception, datalogger serves as a boon to
thwart such fallacies .
Data loggers are available in various shapes and sizes. The range includes simple
economical single channel fixed function loggers to more powerful programmable
devices capable of handling hundreds of inputs.
➔ Data logging is now a standard technique within railway signaling engineering for
both safety and performance management purposes.
➔ Data logging facilitates the past analysis of any event . Also improving upon
the reaction time of any event .
➔ Dataloggers facilitates the continuous monitoring of track, trains, etc
Features :-
Online Graphical Display of Status of all the Board Station yards for efficient
control.
➔ Online Status of all auto sections for effective planning and monitoring of train
movements.
➔ Online status of various assets like points, signals, Shunt signals, crank handles,
Gates, Axle Counters, Route Relays and Knobs.
➔ Route Set Indication.
➔ Details of Train like Train No. / Name passing through a station.
➔ Details of train(s) in auto section.
Technical Details :-
➔ Embedded system built on Motorola 68000 microprocessor.
➔ LCD, LED and Keyboard user interface .
➔ Min 512 - Max 4096 opto isolated digital input @ 16 mSec sampling. ? 96
individually isolated analog input voltage/current channels @1 Sec .
➔ Nonvolatile data storage in flash ram and 8 serial ports for data network .
Network Management:-
➔ Front end application software at central control place.
➔ Link status of all the dataloggers in the network.
➔ Online status of digital/analog inputs.
➔ Data selective viewing.
➔ Online graphical mimic display of every station layout. Auto backup on
exceeding configured size of data base.
Cost savings
The deployment is the most cost-effective data logging solution, from level crossing to
major interlocking schemes. Key savings are offered from:
➔ Ease of installation
➔ Low maintenance
➔ Integration of UPS, modem, display and input cards
At the most compact end, a 48 or 96 channel unit will monitor a level crossing.
For larger installations up to 8 units can be connected together, enabling 3072 channels to
be monitored simultaneously. All systems use the same common platform resulting in
economies of production.
Recorded data can be accessed using a standard web browser. For advanced remote
analysis and diagnostic features (such as slow moving point alarms or SPAD
investigations), a software plug-in has been developed for the Balfour Beatty Rail Asset
View system.
In addition, it has a touch screen LCD to allow maintenance technicians to access data
directly on site. This removes the need for an inconvenient laptop computer or separate
handheld terminal.
Automatic Tracking of Train:
For tracking a train movement, basic concept of sequential operation of track
circuit is monitored along with the position of points en-route. For this purpose all
Exit/Entry routes are tabulated in terms of Geographical position of Track circuits &
point position, station wise.
➔ Whenever any T.C. is dropped it activates the route, which contains that track
circuit. As the train moves, track circuits will drop sequentially & finally only one
unique route will be selected.
➔ At this stage this train will be allotted train index Automatically for further
identification of the train.
With the point position and the berthing track position it can be determined that
what line / platform the train is received.
➔ Similarly when the train leaves the station, it will select the appropriate exit route.
When this train touches the Home Signal track of next station it checks if prior to
this AZTR of Block section in rear & the Advance Starter track of previous station
were dropped. This is co-related the station-to-station train charting. Since the
train index is carry forward in this process, it is therefore possible to plot the
correct train.
The train charting software facilitates the ATNL to enter the train No., and other
train information such as Loco / Engine No., Driver’s name, load, Guard’s name,
vacuum, etc. This software also facilitates to edit the train charting whenever necessary. It
allows making links if joints in auto mode.
It allows charting manually even if Automatic charting is partially or totally failed. For
the convenience of ATNL two monitors are provided. One screen always shows the chart
and another is used to open the manual-charting string grid or to pop-up other forms.