18-12-2012, 04:34 PM
Ph.D. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, OCTOBER, 2011
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BIOTECHNOLOGY
Section – B
1. What are the main biological functions of lipids ?
2. What are cloning vectors ? Enumerate the importance of Cosmids and Artificial
Chromosomes (BAC, YAC) in recombinant DNA technology ?
3. What are retroviruses ? Discuss the mechanism of infection of retroviruses with
particular emphasis on HIV.
4. What are monoclonal antibodies ? How are they developed ?
5. Why is Agrobacterium considered as the best vehicle for genetic transformation
in plants ? Describe the mechanism of T-DNA integration and the factors
involved in the process.
6. What is RNA induced silencing ? How are the RNAi technology used for
controlling gene expression in biological organisms.
7. What is downstream processing ? How is this important in recovering products
from microbes through fermentation technology ? Enumerate the different
methods of downstream processing.
8. The sequences of the nucleotide pairs that encode human antibody chains are
usually referred to as gene segments rather than genes. Why ?
9. What are recombinant proteins ? Discuss the methods used to produce human
insulin in bacteria.
10. What are recombinant vaccines ? How are they developed ?
11. Define Molecular markers ? How are they used to identify genes in situ ?
Describe FISH and GISH.
12. What is MALDI-TOF ? What are its applications ?
13. What are selectable markers ? How are they used in the selection of recombinants ?
14. How can you isolate enteric pathogens of medical importance ?
15. Compare DNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase of bacteria with regard to
their structure and function.
16. How is genetic engineering used to create cotton plants expressing Bt proteins ?
17. What is PCR ? Comment on its significance in molecular cloning. Add a note
on Real-time PCR.
18. Draw the structure of an immunoglobulin and describe its different types.
19. In what ways do yeast form a good model for eukaryotic gene expression
studies ?
20. Why can it be said that the enzymatic action is highly specific ?
21. What are prions ? Give two examples of diseases caused by prions.
22. How are cDNA and DNA libraries constructed ?
23. What impact do transposable elements have on genome organization and gene
function ?
24. What is protein denaturation ? Is there any change in the primary structure
when a protein is denatured.